Section 5

Question 1

Foraging

Answer 1

collecting food, hunting, scavenging, up until 10,000 years ago, MOST of human history. Generalized patterns: Low population densities, nomadic or semi-nomadic, Social Unit= family or band (a loose federation of families of 100 or fewer people). Gender based division of labor, fairly egalitarian (equality in terms of power and resources) No private property. Today occupy remote & less useful areas of the earth.

Question 2

Horticulture

Answer 2

small scale crop cultivation, simple technology, absence of irrigation, slash and burn (Swidden). Often in tropical forest. Combind w/ domestic animals (Ex: pigs and chickens)

Question 3

Pastoralism

Answer 3

Animal husbandry, usually in places not suited for agriculture, Geographic mobility (transhumance & nomadic), animals provide milk, blood, meat. Often combine w/ cultivation or trade for grains. Animals have critical social functions- Ex: marriage. Ex: Maassai (Tanzania) & DiDinga (Sudan)

Question 4

Agriculture

Answer 4

intensive cultivation. Plows and draft animals. Techniques of soil & water control. Surplus. Strict property rights.

Question 5

Peasantry

Answer 5

part of Agriculture. Tied to the larger unit. Lowest strata of society. Often elites benefit from labor bia taxation, rent, tribute.

Question 6

Industrial Agriculture

Answer 6

large scale cultivation. Mechanized factory production. Fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides. Genetic & technology used in animal husbandry (reproducing animals). Today largely commercial instead of household consumption. Expensive.

Question 7

Local/slow food movements

Answer 7

-Trend today
-community gardens, farmers markets ect.
Advantages?
-Reduce fossil fuel usage
-Support local farmers
-Control over what is planted
-Nutritional content
-Meet local needs 1st, then export
Limitations?
-Growing season
-Climatic limitations
-Food preferences
-Efficiencies of scale