Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APES > Section 5 > Flashcards

Section 5 Flashcards

1
Q

evidence of evolution

A

chemical analysis of early atmosphere and measurements of radioactive elements in fossils and rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere

A

believed to be CO2, N2, and H2O vapor
Oxygen didn’t exist because it’s too chemically reactive, plus there were no aerobic bacterium or plants yet to generate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment

A

1950s, demonstrated spontaneous production of organic molecules from the mixture of simple compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1977 Australian researchers

A

discovered amino acids on a meteor, the idea that life could be influenced from outside our ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

evolution of 1st prokaryotic cells

A

amino acids → proteins, RNA → membrane bound globs + matter from environment (grow and divide) → 1st prokaryotic cells (biologically evolved under water, away from harmful UV radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

prokaryotes

A

no distinct nucleus, all cellular functions exist within the membrane-bound single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

evolution

A

is a change in the genetic makeup of a population occurring through successive generations of sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

theory of evolution

A

supported by many biologists, based on the idea that all current species descended from earlier species, explains diversity of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

microevolution

A

small changes in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

macro evolution

A

long-term changes within an entire group or species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endosymbiosis

A

process in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Microevolution

A

small genetic changes that a population experiences over generations, developing generic variability, creating possibility for evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alleles

A

different molecular forms of the same genes in members of a population, reason for genetic variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mutation

A

only source of new alleles, occur randomly when there are random mistakes in coding genetic instructions, advantageous alleles are rare and result in new genetic combination (potential of becoming microevolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

deleterious

A

dangerous/harmful mutations, offspring won’t survive, develop, and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

natural selection

A

helpful gene is created and kept as result of adaptation and different reproduction, favors individuals, not genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

directional natural selection

A

favors the different, shift in gene frequencies (can be due to environmental conditions)
example: England peppered moths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stabilizing natural selection

A

favors the average, abnormal genes don’t have an advantage and are eliminated
ex: birth weight of babies 5-9 lbs, can be dangerous if too low/high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

disruptive natural selection

A

aka diversifying selection, favors abnormal, environmental conditions favor individuals on extremes, mid-range is reduced
ex: Darwin’s finches in Galapagos Islands, beak variation, wide beaks or narrow thin

20
Q

gene flow

A

enhances variation in a population, refers to the flow of genes from one population of species to another, sustained gene flow between two groups results in a combination of both pools

21
Q

genetic drift

A

completely stable genes, frequency of the different gene forms called alleles in a population, changes in allele frequency of a population’s gene pool, effective genetic drift is due to chance and more evident in small populations

22
Q

bottleneck effect

A

unusual situation, usually catastrophic, large part of population isn’t allowed to reproduce and is eliminated

23
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals go off and populate a new area, gene pool is understandably diminished, big potential for mutations
ex: Amish population

24
Q

basis of microevolution

A

mutation + natural selection = the basis of microevolution

25
Q

Co-evolution

A

adaptation follows adaptation, each population keeps up with the other

example: as a cactus species evolves defenses like longer thorns, birds that feast on their flesh evolve to have longer, thinner beaks to avoid harm

26
Q

adaptations

A

inherited traits that allow organism to survive and reproduce within their environment

27
Q

macroevolution

A

long term evolutionary changes among an entire group or species, long time scale

28
Q

Gradualism Model

A

evolutionary change occurs gradually, over many millions of years, that accumulated small changes lead to the eventual of multiple different species

29
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium Model

A

state that perhaps there are long periods of relatively little change, punctuated by brief periods of rapid change

30
Q

speciation

A

describes the evolution of one species into two in response to environmental changes, mechanism for speciation occurs via reproductive isolation

31
Q

four basic modes of speciation

A

allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric
allopatric and peripatric = geographical differences
parapatric and sympatric = unequal gene flow

32
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic isolation, occurs when a significant portion of the original population is physically separated from the rest

33
Q

peripatric speciation

A

geographic isolation, small group breaks off from larger group, similar to allopatric, but population is small and peripheral

34
Q

parapatric speciation

A

species is spread out, individuals are more likely to mate with geographic neighbors than with individuals farther away in the population’s range

35
Q

sympatric speciation

A

no physical barriers, spontaneous exhibition of unique behavior patterns, causes them to mate non-randomly with other individuals with the same unique behavior pattern

36
Q

divergent evolution

A

result of speciation when a structure with a shared origin evolves to be used for the unique environments

37
Q

ecological niche

A

not a physical location, but occupation and habits

38
Q

fundamental niche

A

all possible conditions an organism can survive

39
Q

realized niche

A

condition organism is actually surviving

40
Q

mass extinctions

A

abrupt increase in extinctions, catastrophic, global, 75% loss of species

41
Q

adaptive radiation

A

new species radiation out from common/ancestral DNA with heritable traits

42
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of life

43
Q

ecological niche

A

range of tolerance, available nutrients physical space, biotic and abiotic interactions, role in energy flow and matter cycling

44
Q

generalist species

A

broad range of conditions, food variety and many different locations
ex: racoons

45
Q

specialist species

A

specific habitat, narrow range of conditions, one type of food, and unique niche
ex: koala - eucalyptus (poisonous to other animals)

APES (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions