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APES > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

George Evelyn Hutchinson British ecologist

A

“the father of modern ecology”

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2
Q

ecology

A

connections between living organisms and their nonliving environment, includes biology

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3
Q

organisms are grouped by similarities:

A

kingdoms, phylum, classes, and species

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4
Q

members of the same species are able to…

A

mate and produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

population

A

entire grouping of a species that occupies a given area

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6
Q

genetic diversity

A

arises as a result of chance genetic mutations and sexual reproduction. random genetic changes accumulate in the genome and are passed through the population via sexual reproduction

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7
Q

ecosystem

A

the abiotic or nonliving components in our habitat

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8
Q

biome

A

group of similar ecosystems, classified based on climates and vegetation
ex: aquatic, desert, forest, grassland, and tundra

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9
Q

microbiome

A

of the dermal ecosystem: microbiota and biota on and in the skin of animals and humans

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10
Q

ecosystem services:

A

water purification, nutrient cycling, biological pest control, medicine and food, biodiversity and gene pools, buffer and flood control, erosion prevention, air filter

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11
Q

Large ecological regions with characteristic types of natural vegetation are called

A

biomes

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12
Q

life support systems 4

A

atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere

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13
Q

atmosphere

A

thin layer of air surrounding the planet

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14
Q

troposphere

A

inner layer, composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen

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15
Q

stratosphere

A

abundant ozone

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16
Q

hydrosphere

A

water on Earth, form of liquid water at the surface, and underground

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17
Q

lithosphere

A

land or rock layer of Earth, upper mantle and the Earth’s crust, both oceanic and continental, rich in minerals and fossil fuels

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18
Q

biosphere

A

aka living sphere where living organisms exist and interact, includes the hydrosphere, portions of the lower atmosphere, and upper lithosphere

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19
Q

gravity

A

allows planet to hold onto its atmosphere, accounts for the earth ward movement of chemistry in biogeochemical cycles

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20
Q

climate

A

long term weather patterns

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21
Q

ecotone

A

transitional zone between two ecosystems/biomes

22
Q

aquatic life zones

A

biomes in water

23
Q

abiotic

A

air, water, solar energy and nutrients

24
Q

biotic

A

two types: producers and consumers

25
Q

producers

A

produce own food

ex: plants and bacteria

26
Q

consumers

A

feed off other organisms

27
Q

photosynthesis

A

CO2 (g) + H2O –> O2 + C6H12O6 (sugar)

28
Q

Shelford’s Law of Tolerance

A

certain factors control abundance/distribution of an organism where levels exceed min/max limits of tolerance within a species

29
Q

limiting factor

A

take precedence over all factors in affecting a population of organisms

30
Q

4 diversities

A

genetic, species, ecological, and functional

31
Q

food chain

A

is the order of trophic levels, very specific and unchanging

32
Q

Trophos

A

Greek for nourishment

33
Q

Trophos

A

study of how energy flows from the Sun to other organisms

34
Q

chemosynthesis

A

organisms that do not use the sun as their energy source, but instead use chemicals

35
Q

ecological efficiency

A

% that indicates the amount of usable energy transferred as biomass from one level to the next

36
Q

rule of 10

A

only 10% of usable energy is transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next, the rest is lost to the environment as low quality heat, a byproduct of metabolism

37
Q

measurement of energy

A

kilo calorie or unit of energy of 1,000 calories per meter squared per year

38
Q

diversity index

A

measurement number of ecosystems

39
Q

productivity

A

rate of solar conversion -> phtosynthesis by producers, gross privacy productivity (GPP)

40
Q

biomass

A

weight of all organisms, matter gets transferred with each exchange, some energy is lost as low quality heat

41
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

only a fraction of what is consumed is converted into more biomass and the amount of energy available for use declines with each transfer

42
Q

Net Primary Product (NPP)

A

rate at which energy use is stored and available for use then measured as available energy any given time
NPP = GPP - plant respiration

43
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

driven by solar energy and include all atoms and molecules living organisms need to grow, live, and reproduce

44
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

cycling of water from the atmosphere to the oceans and lands through organisms and back to the atmosphere, naturally purifies water (evaporation, condensation and precipitation with transpiration and sublimation)

45
Q

atmospheric cycle

A

N2 + C2 -> exists in gaseous form in atmosphere

46
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

atmospheric N2 -> NH3

47
Q

nitrification

A

conversion of NH3 within soil -> nitrate ions

48
Q

assimilation

A

absorption of NH3, ammonium ions + nitrate ions into plant roots from H2O and soil

49
Q

ammonification

A

conversion from N2 into rich organic compounds

50
Q

denitrification

A

conversion of NH3 into nitrates and nitrates back into N2 (g)

51
Q

phosphorus

A

found in water, earth’s crust and living organisms

52
Q

sulfur

A

returns to earth by plants taking in sulfur dioxide during rain and photosynthesis

APES (14 decks)

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