Section 3

Question 1

laws `

Answer 1

statements of observed phenomena

Question 2

theories

Answer 2

in-depth explanations of laws

Question 3

scientific thinking

Answer 3

1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesize
4. test/5.experiment
5. results

Question 4

syllogism

Answer 4

major and minor premise both agree to form logical conclusion

Question 5

ad hominem fallacy

Answer 5

latin for ‘against the man’, response has nothing to do with data, but the presenter of the data (ex: different political stances)

Question 6

synergism

Answer 6

variables interacting to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of separate effects

Question 7

inductive reasoning

Answer 7

bottom -> up thinking, from specifics -> general

Question 8

deductive reasoning

Answer 8

top -> down thinking, moving from general -> specifics

Question 9

paradigm shift

Answer 9

when (a) new breakthrough(s) signify an alternate understanding of the world
determines how we understand, but difficult to change views

Question 10

consensus science

Answer 10

consists of data-supported laws and theories by scientists who are experts in respective fields

Question 11

frontier science

Answer 11

new scientific breakthroughs and preliminary hypothesis, doesn’t hold same weight as consensus

Question 12

natural sinks

Answer 12

environment factors that absorb excess CO2
contain temporarily or transform into another substance
includes: oceans, forests

Question 13

positive feedback loop

Answer 13

reinforces itself and causes change in same direction, destabilizing a system through vicious cycles, can be both good and bad

Question 14

negative feedback loop

Answer 14

change that causes a lessening of original path of change

ex: recycling

Question 15

isotopes

Answer 15

forms of same element containing equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in a nucleus

Question 16

ions

Answer 16

atoms either gained or lost electrons, giving a positive/negative charge on an atom

Question 17

covalent bonds

Answer 17

share electrons

Question 18

states of matter

Answer 18

gas, liquid, solid, and plasma

Question 19

plasma

Answer 19

lightning and flames

can be artificially generated

Question 20

high quality matter

Answer 20

concentrated, found near earth’s surface and has potential as usuable resource

Question 21

low quality matter

Answer 21

dilute, underground/dispersed and therefore has little potential as a resource

Question 22

material efficiency

Answer 22

total amount of matter required to produce a unit of goods

Question 23

energy

Answer 23

ability to transfer heat

Question 24

productivity

Answer 24

depends on efficient use of matter, technology, and energy

Question 25

ionizing radiation

Answer 25

cosmic, gamma, x-rays, UV-radiation

Question 26

non-ionizing

Answer 26

visible light

Question 27

conduction

Answer 27

transfer of heat by collision of molecules

Question 28

convections

Answer 28

transfer of heat through movement

Question 29

law of conservation of matter

Answer 29

matter may change forms, but can't be created or destroyed

Question 30

ionizing radiation (strength)

Answer 30

alpha < beta < gamma

Question 31

radioactive decay

Answer 31

half life = time required for half of nuclei to decay and emit radiation into another form

Question 32

radiometric dating

Answer 32

compresses levels of decayed products to amount of radioactive isotopes within material