Section 4 (Ch. 7 & 8) Flashcards
Corpus Callosum
The thick bundle of nerve fibres that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
Plasticity
The tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts.
Gross Motor Skills
Skills employing the large muscles used in locomotion.
Fine Motor Skills
Skills employing the small muscles used in manipulation, such as those in the fingers.
Nightmares
Dreams of disturbing and vivid content.
Sleep Terrors
Frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep.
Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
Enuresis
Failure to control the bladder once the normal age for control has been reached.
Bed-Wetting
Failure to control the bladder during the night.
Encopresis
Failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached; also called soiling.
Preoperational Stage
Piaget’s second stage of development, characterized by inflexible and irreversible mental manipulation of symbols.
Symbolic Play
Play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are; pretend play.
Egocentrism
Putting oneself at the centre of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person’s point of view.
Precausal
A type of thought in which natural cause-and-effect relationships are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts.
Transductive Reasoning
Faulty reasoning that links one specific isolated event to another specific isolated event.
Animism
The attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects.
Artificialism
The belief that environmental features were made by people.
Conservation
The principle that properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same (conserved) when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or arrangement are changed.
Scaffolding
Vygotsky’s term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, to advance their skills.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
The gap between what children are capable of doing now and what they could do with help from others.
Theory of Mind
The understanding that people are mental beings who have their own mental states, including thoughts, wishes, and feelings that differ from our own.
Appearance-Reality Distinction
The difference between real events on the one hand and mental events, fantasies, and misleading appearances on the other hand.
Scripts
Abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events.
Autobiographical Memory
Memory of specific episodes or events.
Rehearsal
A strategy that uses repetition to remember information
Fast-Mapping
A process of quickly determining a word’s meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development.
Overregularization
The application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nounds.
Pragmatics
The practical aspects of communication, such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation.
Inner Speech
Vygotsky’s concept of the ultimate binding of language and thought. Inner speech originates in vocalizations that may regular the child’s behaviour and become internalized by age 6 or 7.
Authoritative
A child-rearing style in which parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicative and warm.
Authoritarian
A child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience.
Permissive-Indulgent
Child-rearing style; warm and not restrictive.
Rejecting-Neglecting
Child-rearing style; neither restrictive and controlling nor supportive and responsive.
Inductive
Parenting technique based on an attempt to foster understanding or the principles behind parental demands; characteristic of disciplinary methods, such as reasoning.
Regression
A return to behaviour characteristic of earlier stages of development.
Dramatic Play
Play in which children enact social roles.
Disinhibit
Stimulate a response that has been suppressed by showing a model engaging in that response.
Categorical Self
The definitions of the self that refer to external traits.
Gender Role Socialization
Learning to acquire clusters of traits and behaviours that are considered stereotypical of females and males.
Gender Identity
A person’s innate, deeply felt sense of being male or female.
Gender Stability
The concept that one’s sex is unchanging.
Gender Constancy
The concept that one’s sex remains the same despite changes in appearance or behaviour.
Gender-Schema Theory
The view that society’s gender-based concepts share our assumptions of gender-typed preferences and behaviour patterns.
Gender-Neutral Parenting (GNP)
The decision to not assign a specific gender to children based on their biological sex.
