Section 4 (Ch. 7 & 8)

Question 1

Corpus Callosum

Answer 1

The thick bundle of nerve fibres that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 2

Plasticity

Answer 2

The tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts.

Question 3

Gross Motor Skills

Answer 3

Skills employing the large muscles used in locomotion.

Question 4

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 4

Skills employing the small muscles used in manipulation, such as those in the fingers.

Question 5

Nightmares

Answer 5

Dreams of disturbing and vivid content.

Question 6

Sleep Terrors

Answer 6

Frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep.

Question 7

Somnambulism

Answer 7

Sleepwalking

Question 8

Enuresis

Answer 8

Failure to control the bladder once the normal age for control has been reached.

Question 9

Bed-Wetting

Answer 9

Failure to control the bladder during the night.

Question 10

Encopresis

Answer 10

Failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached; also called soiling.

Question 11

Preoperational Stage

Answer 11

Piaget’s second stage of development, characterized by inflexible and irreversible mental manipulation of symbols.

Question 12

Symbolic Play

Answer 12

Play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are; pretend play.

Question 13

Egocentrism

Answer 13

Putting oneself at the centre of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person’s point of view.

Question 14

Precausal

Answer 14

A type of thought in which natural cause-and-effect relationships are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts.

Question 15

Transductive Reasoning

Answer 15

Faulty reasoning that links one specific isolated event to another specific isolated event.

Question 16

Animism

Answer 16

The attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects.

Question 17

Artificialism

Answer 17

The belief that environmental features were made by people.

Question 18

Conservation

Answer 18

The principle that properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same (conserved) when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or arrangement are changed.

Question 19

Scaffolding

Answer 19

Vygotsky’s term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, to advance their skills.

Question 20

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 20

The gap between what children are capable of doing now and what they could do with help from others.

Question 21

Theory of Mind

Answer 21

The understanding that people are mental beings who have their own mental states, including thoughts, wishes, and feelings that differ from our own.

Question 22

Appearance-Reality Distinction

Answer 22

The difference between real events on the one hand and mental events, fantasies, and misleading appearances on the other hand.

Question 23

Scripts

Answer 23

Abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events.

Question 24

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 24

Memory of specific episodes or events.

Question 25

Rehearsal

Answer 25

A strategy that uses repetition to remember information

Question 26

Fast-Mapping

Answer 26

A process of quickly determining a word’s meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development.

Question 27

Overregularization

Answer 27

The application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nounds.

Question 28

Pragmatics

Answer 28

The practical aspects of communication, such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation.

Question 29

Inner Speech

Answer 29

Vygotsky’s concept of the ultimate binding of language and thought. Inner speech originates in vocalizations that may regular the child’s behaviour and become internalized by age 6 or 7.

Question 30

Authoritative

Answer 30

A child-rearing style in which parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicative and warm.

Question 31

Authoritarian

Answer 31

A child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience.

Question 32

Permissive-Indulgent

Answer 32

Child-rearing style; warm and not restrictive.

Question 33

Rejecting-Neglecting

Answer 33

Child-rearing style; neither restrictive and controlling nor supportive and responsive.

Question 34

Inductive

Answer 34

Parenting technique based on an attempt to foster understanding or the principles behind parental demands; characteristic of disciplinary methods, such as reasoning.

Question 35

Regression

Answer 35

A return to behaviour characteristic of earlier stages of development.

Question 36

Dramatic Play

Answer 36

Play in which children enact social roles.

Question 37

Disinhibit

Answer 37

Stimulate a response that has been suppressed by showing a model engaging in that response.

Question 38

Categorical Self

Answer 38

The definitions of the self that refer to external traits.

Question 39

Gender Role Socialization

Answer 39

Learning to acquire clusters of traits and behaviours that are considered stereotypical of females and males.

Question 40

Gender Identity

Answer 40

A person’s innate, deeply felt sense of being male or female.

Question 41

Gender Stability

Answer 41

The concept that one’s sex is unchanging.

Question 42

Gender Constancy

Answer 42

The concept that one’s sex remains the same despite changes in appearance or behaviour.

Question 43

Gender-Schema Theory

Answer 43

The view that society’s gender-based concepts share our assumptions of gender-typed preferences and behaviour patterns.

Question 44

Gender-Neutral Parenting (GNP)

Answer 44

The decision to not assign a specific gender to children based on their biological sex.