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Psyc 223 - Developmental > Section 1 (Ch. 1 & 2) > Flashcards

Section 1 (Ch. 1 & 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural study of development across the lifespan.

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2
Q

Maturation

A

The unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions.

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3
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

Freud.
The process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the different stages of development.

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4
Q

Stage Theory

A

Theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life.

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5
Q

Structural Theory (Freud)

A

Personality - id, ego, superego.

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6
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

Method to reduce anxiety when the id and superego are too demanding.

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7
Q

5 Stages of psychosexual

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

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8
Q

Oedipal Complex

A

Male developing sexual attachments to mother, rivalry with father.

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9
Q

Electra Complex

A

Female developing sexual attachments to father, rivalry with mother.

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10
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

Erikson.

Emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development.

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11
Q

Life Crisis

A

Internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development.

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12
Q

Identity Crisis

A

Period of inner conflict during which individuals examine their values and make decisions about their life roles.

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13
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning.

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14
Q

Cognitive Developmental Theory

A

Stage theory that suggests that children’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems are a result of the interaction of experience and maturation of neurological structures.

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15
Q

Schema

A

A pattern of action or mental structure when acquiring or organizing knowledge.

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

Interaction between the organism and environment. Assimilation and accommodation.

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which we respond to new objects or events according to the existing schemas.

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

The modification of existing schema’s to permit the incorporation of new events of knowledge.

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19
Q

Equilibration

A

The creation of a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

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20
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence.

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

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21
Q

Ethology

A

The study of behaviour specific to a species from an evolutionary perspective.
Darwin, Lorenz, Tinbergen.

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22
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

A

Stereotyped pattern of behaviour that is evoked by a releasing stimulus; instinct.

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23
Q

Ecology

A

Biology that studies relationships between living organisms and their environment.

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24
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

Views that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and their environmental settings.

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25
Q

Brofenbrenner

A

Two-way interactions between child and parents.

Multiple systems within a larger context.

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26
Q

Mircosystem

A

Interactions of the child with other people in immediate setting.

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27
Q

Mesosystem

A

Interactions of various settings within the microsystem.

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28
Q

Exosystem

A

Institutions in which the child does not directly participate in, but which exert an indirect influence on the child. Ex: school board.

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29
Q

Macrosystem

A

Interaction of child with beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their socio-economic and cultural settings. ex: Canadian culture.

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30
Q

Chronosystem

A

Changes that occur over time.

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31
Q

Vgotsky

A

How child’s social interaction with adults organizes a child’s learning experience so that children can obtain cognitive skills.

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32
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Range of tasks a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled.

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33
Q

Scaffolding

A

Temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help children as they learn to function independently.

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34
Q

Gender

A

Characterized by social constructs, identity, and expression.

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35
Q

Sex

A

Biological traits

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36
Q

Discontinuous

A

Numerous, rapid qualitative changes usher in new stages of development.

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37
Q

Maturational Theorists

A

Environment provides us with little benefits until we are ready or mature enough to develop.

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38
Q

Empirical

A

Based on observations and experimentation.

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39
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

The study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time.

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40
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic material from one generation to another.

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41
Q

Genetics

A

Field of biology that studies heredity.

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42
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes in gene expression that do not change DNA but can be inherited.

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43
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod-shaped structures found in cells.

23 pairs - 46 chrom

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44
Q

Genes

A

Biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits.

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45
Q

Polygenic

A

Traits that are determined by many pairs of genes.

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46
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material that takes the form of a double helix and is composed of phosphates, sugars, and bases.

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47
Q

Mitosis

A

The form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number.

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48
Q

Mutations

A

Sudden or accidental variation in a heritable characteristic that affects the composition of genes.
Radiation, environmental influences, sometimes chance.

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49
Q

Autosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.

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50
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

A chromosome in the shape of a Y or an X that determines the sex of the child. Father gives either Y or X.

51
Q

Monozygotic Twins (MZ)

A

Twins that derive from a single zygote that has split into two; identical twins. Each has same genetic code.

52
Q

Dizygotic Twins (DZ)

A

Twins that derive from two separate zygotes; fraternal twins with different genetic codes.

53
Q

Ovulation

A

Releasing of an ovum from an ovary.

54
Q

Allele

A

Member of a pair of genes.

55
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two idential alleles.

56
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles.

57
Q

Incomplete Dominance or Codominance

A

When effects of both alleles are shown.

58
Q

Dominant Trait

A

Trait that is expressed.

59
Q

Recessive Trait

A

Trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved has been paired with a dominant gene.

60
Q

Carriers

A

A person who carries and transmits characteristics but does not exhibit them.

61
Q

Multifactorial Problems

A

Problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors.
Ex: peptic ulcers.

62
Q

Monosomy

A

When one is missing one of their 46 chrom.

63
Q

Trisomy

A

When one has more than two (not a pair)

64
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Chromosomal abnormality - intellectual challenges, caused by an extra chrom on 21st pair.

65
Q

Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

Transmitted from generation to generation and are carried on the sex chromosme.

66
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual challenges. Impairs functioning of central NS.
Low phen. diets.

67
Q

Huntington Disease

A

Fatal genetic disorder - onset takes place in middle age. Injection in spine to stop disease.

68
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A

Genetic disorder that decreases blood capacity to carry oxygen.

69
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Fatal genetic neurological disorder, causes degeneration and premature death.
Recessive gene.

70
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Fatal genetic disorder in which mucus obstructs lungs and pancreas.
Recessive gene.

71
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly.

72
Q

Sex-Linked Genetic Abnormalities

A

Abnormalities resulting from genes that are found on the X sex chromosome. More likely to be shown by male offspring who don’t have second X chromosome.

73
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

A chronic disease, progressive wasting away of muscles.

74
Q

Colour-Blindness

A

Sex-linked condition

75
Q

Prenatal

A

Before birth.

76
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Drawing and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid - presence of various disorders.
14-16 weeks after conception.

77
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

Prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities, samples membrane enveloping amniotic sac and fetus.
9-12th week of pregnancy.
Small syringe into placenta, removes chorionic villi to test.

78
Q

Placenta

A

Organ that provides oxygen and vital nutrients while removing waste products from the blood.

79
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound waves too high in pitch to be sensed by the human ear.

80
Q

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) Assay

A

A blood test that assesses the mother’s blood level of AFP, a substance that is linked to fetal neural tube defects.

81
Q

Reaction Range

A

The interaction between nature and nurture.

82
Q

Genotypes

A

The genetic form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity. Set we inherit from parents.

83
Q

Phenotypes

A

Genetic form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity. Actual traits we exhibit. Reflect both environmental and genetic influences.

84
Q

Conception

A

The union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs.

85
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner lining of the uterus.

86
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

An infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair infertility. Bacterial or STI’s

87
Q

Endometriosis

A

Inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation; abdominal pain, sometimes infertility.

88
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

A

Term for any medical assistance provided that enables conception to take place.

89
Q

Artificial Insemmination

A

Injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum.

90
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Fertilization of an ovum in a laboratory dish. Ova surgically removed, blastocyst implanted in mother’s uterus.

91
Q

Donor IVF

A

Transfer of a donor’s ovum, fertilized in a lab dish, to the uterus of another woman.

92
Q

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnoses (PGD)

A

Developed to detect genetic disorders, reveals the sex of the embryo.

93
Q

Germinal (Zygotic) Stage

A

Between conception and implantation of embryo.

94
Q

Blastocyst

A

Cluster of cells that are formed around a cavity of fluid; some will become fetus some will become placenta.

95
Q

Embyronic Disk

A

The platelike inner part of the blastocyst that differentiates into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of embryo.

96
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Prenatal development, implantation through eight weeks of pregnancy.
Development of major organ systems.

97
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

Head to tail

98
Q

Proximodistal

A

Near to far

99
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layers of embryonic disk

Develops into NS, sensory organs, nails, hair, teeth, outer layer of skin.

100
Q

Neural Tube

A

a hollowed out area in blastocyst - develops into NS.

101
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer of embyro.

Lungs and digestive system.

102
Q

Mesoderm

A

Central layer of embryo
Bones and muscles.
Excretory, reproductive, circulatory, skeleton, inner layer of skin.

103
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

104
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

Sac containing the fetus

105
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Fluid within sac, suspends and protects fetus.

106
Q

Fetal Stage

A

Beginning of 9th week through birth.

107
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus.

108
Q

Toxemia

A

Life threatening disease that can affect pregnant women; high blood pressure.

109
Q

Rh Incompatability

A

Antibodies produced by mother are transmitted to child, possible causing brain damage or death.

110
Q

Critical Periods

A

Periods during which an embryo is particularly vulnerable to certain teratogen.

111
Q

Thalidomide

A

Treatment for insomnia and nausea in the 60s, caused birth defects.

112
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

A

Cluster of symtpoms, children of women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy.
Facial features, intellectual challenges, maladaptive behaviours.

113
Q

Accutange (Isotretinoin)

A

Prescribed acne medication that can cause physical and neurological birth defects.

114
Q

Progestin

A

A hormone used to maintain pregnancy that can cause masculinization of the fetus.

115
Q

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

A

An estrogen that has been linked to cancer in the reproductive organs of children whose mothers used the hormone when pregnant.
40s 50s to prevent miscarriage.

116
Q

Pathogenic

A

Anything that causes diseases.

117
Q

Syphilis

A

Can attack major organs in advanced stages.

STI.

118
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Cripples body’s immume system

119
Q

Rubella

A

Viral infection that can cause retardation and heart disease in the embryo; German measles.

120
Q

Premature

A

Born before full term of gestation

121
Q

Development

A

Systematic continuities and changes in an individual over the course of a lifetime.

122
Q

Haploid

A

1/2 amount of chromosomes (n)

Egg and sperm, sex cells (gametes)

123
Q

Diploid

A

Normal amount of chromosomes (2n)

Somatic cells

Psyc 223 - Developmental (4 decks)

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