Section 1 (Ch. 1 & 2) Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural study of development across the lifespan.
Maturation
The unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions.
Psychosexual Development
Freud.
The process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the different stages of development.
Stage Theory
Theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life.
Structural Theory (Freud)
Personality - id, ego, superego.
Defence Mechanisms
Method to reduce anxiety when the id and superego are too demanding.
5 Stages of psychosexual
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Oedipal Complex
Male developing sexual attachments to mother, rivalry with father.
Electra Complex
Female developing sexual attachments to father, rivalry with mother.
Psychosocial Development
Erikson.
Emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development.
Life Crisis
Internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development.
Identity Crisis
Period of inner conflict during which individuals examine their values and make decisions about their life roles.
Social Cognitive Theory
Cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning.
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Stage theory that suggests that children’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems are a result of the interaction of experience and maturation of neurological structures.
Schema
A pattern of action or mental structure when acquiring or organizing knowledge.
Adaptation
Interaction between the organism and environment. Assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation
Process by which we respond to new objects or events according to the existing schemas.
Adaptation
The modification of existing schema’s to permit the incorporation of new events of knowledge.
Equilibration
The creation of a balance between assimilation and accommodation.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence.
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Ethology
The study of behaviour specific to a species from an evolutionary perspective.
Darwin, Lorenz, Tinbergen.
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Stereotyped pattern of behaviour that is evoked by a releasing stimulus; instinct.
Ecology
Biology that studies relationships between living organisms and their environment.
Ecological Systems Theory
Views that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and their environmental settings.
Brofenbrenner
Two-way interactions between child and parents.
Multiple systems within a larger context.
Mircosystem
Interactions of the child with other people in immediate setting.
Mesosystem
Interactions of various settings within the microsystem.
Exosystem
Institutions in which the child does not directly participate in, but which exert an indirect influence on the child. Ex: school board.
Macrosystem
Interaction of child with beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their socio-economic and cultural settings. ex: Canadian culture.
Chronosystem
Changes that occur over time.
Vgotsky
How child’s social interaction with adults organizes a child’s learning experience so that children can obtain cognitive skills.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Range of tasks a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled.
Scaffolding
Temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help children as they learn to function independently.
Gender
Characterized by social constructs, identity, and expression.
Sex
Biological traits
Discontinuous
Numerous, rapid qualitative changes usher in new stages of development.
Maturational Theorists
Environment provides us with little benefits until we are ready or mature enough to develop.
Empirical
Based on observations and experimentation.
Cross-Sectional Research
The study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time.
Heredity
Transmission of genetic material from one generation to another.
Genetics
Field of biology that studies heredity.
Epigenetics
Changes in gene expression that do not change DNA but can be inherited.
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures found in cells.
23 pairs - 46 chrom
Genes
Biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits.
Polygenic
Traits that are determined by many pairs of genes.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Genetic material that takes the form of a double helix and is composed of phosphates, sugars, and bases.
Mitosis
The form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number.
Mutations
Sudden or accidental variation in a heritable characteristic that affects the composition of genes.
Radiation, environmental influences, sometimes chance.
Autosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
Sex Chromosomes
A chromosome in the shape of a Y or an X that determines the sex of the child. Father gives either Y or X.
Monozygotic Twins (MZ)
Twins that derive from a single zygote that has split into two; identical twins. Each has same genetic code.
Dizygotic Twins (DZ)
Twins that derive from two separate zygotes; fraternal twins with different genetic codes.
Ovulation
Releasing of an ovum from an ovary.
Allele
Member of a pair of genes.
Homozygous
Having two idential alleles.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles.
Incomplete Dominance or Codominance
When effects of both alleles are shown.
Dominant Trait
Trait that is expressed.
Recessive Trait
Trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved has been paired with a dominant gene.
Carriers
A person who carries and transmits characteristics but does not exhibit them.
Multifactorial Problems
Problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors.
Ex: peptic ulcers.
Monosomy
When one is missing one of their 46 chrom.
Trisomy
When one has more than two (not a pair)
Down Syndrome
Chromosomal abnormality - intellectual challenges, caused by an extra chrom on 21st pair.
Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities
Transmitted from generation to generation and are carried on the sex chromosme.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual challenges. Impairs functioning of central NS.
Low phen. diets.
Huntington Disease
Fatal genetic disorder - onset takes place in middle age. Injection in spine to stop disease.
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Genetic disorder that decreases blood capacity to carry oxygen.
Tay-Sachs Disease
Fatal genetic neurological disorder, causes degeneration and premature death.
Recessive gene.
Cystic Fibrosis
Fatal genetic disorder in which mucus obstructs lungs and pancreas.
Recessive gene.
Hemophilia
Genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly.
Sex-Linked Genetic Abnormalities
Abnormalities resulting from genes that are found on the X sex chromosome. More likely to be shown by male offspring who don’t have second X chromosome.
Muscular Dystrophy
A chronic disease, progressive wasting away of muscles.
Colour-Blindness
Sex-linked condition
Prenatal
Before birth.
Amniocentesis
Drawing and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid - presence of various disorders.
14-16 weeks after conception.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities, samples membrane enveloping amniotic sac and fetus.
9-12th week of pregnancy.
Small syringe into placenta, removes chorionic villi to test.
Placenta
Organ that provides oxygen and vital nutrients while removing waste products from the blood.
Ultrasound
Sound waves too high in pitch to be sensed by the human ear.
Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) Assay
A blood test that assesses the mother’s blood level of AFP, a substance that is linked to fetal neural tube defects.
Reaction Range
The interaction between nature and nurture.
Genotypes
The genetic form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity. Set we inherit from parents.
Phenotypes
Genetic form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity. Actual traits we exhibit. Reflect both environmental and genetic influences.
Conception
The union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs.
Endometrium
Inner lining of the uterus.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
An infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair infertility. Bacterial or STI’s
Endometriosis
Inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation; abdominal pain, sometimes infertility.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
Term for any medical assistance provided that enables conception to take place.
Artificial Insemmination
Injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization of an ovum in a laboratory dish. Ova surgically removed, blastocyst implanted in mother’s uterus.
Donor IVF
Transfer of a donor’s ovum, fertilized in a lab dish, to the uterus of another woman.
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnoses (PGD)
Developed to detect genetic disorders, reveals the sex of the embryo.
Germinal (Zygotic) Stage
Between conception and implantation of embryo.
Blastocyst
Cluster of cells that are formed around a cavity of fluid; some will become fetus some will become placenta.
Embyronic Disk
The platelike inner part of the blastocyst that differentiates into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of embryo.
Embryonic Stage
Prenatal development, implantation through eight weeks of pregnancy.
Development of major organ systems.
Cephalocaudal
Head to tail
Proximodistal
Near to far
Ectoderm
Outer layers of embryonic disk
Develops into NS, sensory organs, nails, hair, teeth, outer layer of skin.
Neural Tube
a hollowed out area in blastocyst - develops into NS.
Endoderm
Inner layer of embyro.
Lungs and digestive system.
Mesoderm
Central layer of embryo
Bones and muscles.
Excretory, reproductive, circulatory, skeleton, inner layer of skin.
Androgens
Male sex hormones
Amniotic Sac
Sac containing the fetus
Amniotic Fluid
Fluid within sac, suspends and protects fetus.
Fetal Stage
Beginning of 9th week through birth.
Teratogens
Environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus.
Toxemia
Life threatening disease that can affect pregnant women; high blood pressure.
Rh Incompatability
Antibodies produced by mother are transmitted to child, possible causing brain damage or death.
Critical Periods
Periods during which an embryo is particularly vulnerable to certain teratogen.
Thalidomide
Treatment for insomnia and nausea in the 60s, caused birth defects.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Cluster of symtpoms, children of women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy.
Facial features, intellectual challenges, maladaptive behaviours.
Accutange (Isotretinoin)
Prescribed acne medication that can cause physical and neurological birth defects.
Progestin
A hormone used to maintain pregnancy that can cause masculinization of the fetus.
DES (diethylstilbestrol)
An estrogen that has been linked to cancer in the reproductive organs of children whose mothers used the hormone when pregnant.
40s 50s to prevent miscarriage.
Pathogenic
Anything that causes diseases.
Syphilis
Can attack major organs in advanced stages.
STI.
HIV/AIDS
Cripples body’s immume system
Rubella
Viral infection that can cause retardation and heart disease in the embryo; German measles.
Premature
Born before full term of gestation
Development
Systematic continuities and changes in an individual over the course of a lifetime.
Haploid
1/2 amount of chromosomes (n)
Egg and sperm, sex cells (gametes)
Diploid
Normal amount of chromosomes (2n)
Somatic cells
