Section 3 (Ch. 5 & 6) Flashcards
Schemas
A mental structure that categorizes information based on similarity
Assimilation
new information being added to an existing schema
Accommodation
new information must be modified to fit an existing schema as new information is acquired.
Sensorimotor Stage
first two years of cognitive development - responding with reflexes to goal-oriented behaviour
Primary Circular Reactions
repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infant’s own body.
Secondary Circular Reactions
the repetition of actions that produce an effect on the environment
Coordination of Secondary Schemas
coordinate schemas to attain specific goals.
Tertiary Circular Reactions
the purposeful adaptation of established schemas to new situations
Object Permanence
recognition of objects that continue to exists when they are not in view.
Deferred Imitation
Imitation of a behaviour that was seen earlier.
Visual Recognition Memory
the ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects.
Prelinguistic Vocalizations
Vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language, cooing, babbling.
Cooing
Prelinguistic vowel-like sounds that reflect feelings of positive excitement.
Babbling
Child’s first vocalization that have the sounds of speech.
Echolalia
Automatic repetition of sounds or words.
Intonation
The use of pitches varying levels to help communicate meaning.
Receptive Vocabulary
The number of words a person understands. Outpaces expressive vocab.
Expressive Vocabulary
The number of words a person can use in the production of language.
Referential Language Style
Use of language primarily as a means of labelling objects.
Expressive Language Style
Use of language primarily as a means of engaging in social interaction.
Overextension
Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended.
Holophrases
Single words that are used to express complex meanings.
Telegraphic Speech
Type of speech in which only the essential words are used.
Syntax
The language rules for placing words in an order to form a sentence.
Models
In learning theory, those whose behaviours are imitated by others.
Extinction
Decrease in the frequency of a response due to the absence of reinforcement.
Shaping
Gradual building of complex behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations to the target behaviour.
Sensitive Period
18 months to puberty when the brain is especially capable of learning language.
Attachment
An affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another when distressed, especially after seeking separation.
Separation Anxiety
Fear of separation from an attachment figure.
Contact Comfort
The pleasure derived from physical contact with another.
Ethologists
Scientists who study the behaviour pattern characteristics of various species.
Social Smile
A smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face.
Critical Period
A period which imprinting can occur.
Imprinting
The process by which waterfowl become attached to the first moving object they follow.
Pre-Attachment Phase
Birth-6 weeks; random attachment.
Attachment in the making phase
6 weeks-6 months; preference for familiar figures.
Clear Cut Attachment Phase
6-7 months-18-24 months; intensified dependence on primary caregiver.
Formation of Reciprocal Relationships
18 months-2 years and beyond; awareness of factors that predict the parent’s return.
Internal Working Model
A set of expectations and beliefs about the self, others, and the relationship between self and others.
Secure Attachment
Characterized by mild distress when caregiver leaves and being readily soothed by reunion.
Avoidant Attachment
Type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to leave-takings by and reunions with an attachment figure.
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Type of insecure attachment; severe distress at caregiver’s departure and ambivalent behaviour at reunions.
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
Insecure; dazed and contradictory behaviours towards an attachment figure.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Disturbed or inappropriate social interactions across a number of social situations, developed before age five years.
Prototype Hypothesis
Initial relationship between child and caregiver serves as the foundation of all other relationships, including romantic ones.
Physical Abuse
Any type of deliberate force that leads to non-accidental injury to any part of the body.
Sexual Abuse
Molestation or exploitation of a child.
Emotional Abuse
Verbal abuse or inadequate attention
Neglect
Failing to supervise a child.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Developmental disorders; impairment in social communication and social interaction across various contexts, and by repetitive stereotyped behaviour.
Mutism
Refusal to speak
Social Referencing
The seeking of another person’s perception of a situation to help us form our own view of it.
Emotional Regulation
The ways in which young children control their own emotions.
Separation-Individuation
the process of becoming separate from and independent of the mother.
Temperament
Individual difference in style of reaction, present in early life.
Goodness of Fit
Agreement between the parents’ expectations of a child and the child’s temperament
Sex
A way of classifying individuals usually as male or female; due to a combination of biological and physiological features.
Intersex
Born with variations to their chromosomes or genitals such that their sex does not match binary notions of male or female.
Gender
Cultural views of what it means to be masculine or feminine according to one’s sex.
