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Psyc 223 - Developmental > Section 3 (Ch. 5 & 6) > Flashcards

Section 3 (Ch. 5 & 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Schemas

A

A mental structure that categorizes information based on similarity

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2
Q

Assimilation

A

new information being added to an existing schema

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3
Q

Accommodation

A

new information must be modified to fit an existing schema as new information is acquired.

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4
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

first two years of cognitive development - responding with reflexes to goal-oriented behaviour

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5
Q

Primary Circular Reactions

A

repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infant’s own body.

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6
Q

Secondary Circular Reactions

A

the repetition of actions that produce an effect on the environment

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7
Q

Coordination of Secondary Schemas

A

coordinate schemas to attain specific goals.

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8
Q

Tertiary Circular Reactions

A

the purposeful adaptation of established schemas to new situations

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9
Q

Object Permanence

A

recognition of objects that continue to exists when they are not in view.

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10
Q

Deferred Imitation

A

Imitation of a behaviour that was seen earlier.

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11
Q

Visual Recognition Memory

A

the ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects.

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12
Q

Prelinguistic Vocalizations

A

Vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language, cooing, babbling.

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13
Q

Cooing

A

Prelinguistic vowel-like sounds that reflect feelings of positive excitement.

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14
Q

Babbling

A

Child’s first vocalization that have the sounds of speech.

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15
Q

Echolalia

A

Automatic repetition of sounds or words.

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16
Q

Intonation

A

The use of pitches varying levels to help communicate meaning.

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17
Q

Receptive Vocabulary

A

The number of words a person understands. Outpaces expressive vocab.

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18
Q

Expressive Vocabulary

A

The number of words a person can use in the production of language.

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19
Q

Referential Language Style

A

Use of language primarily as a means of labelling objects.

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20
Q

Expressive Language Style

A

Use of language primarily as a means of engaging in social interaction.

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21
Q

Overextension

A

Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended.

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22
Q

Holophrases

A

Single words that are used to express complex meanings.

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23
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Type of speech in which only the essential words are used.

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24
Q

Syntax

A

The language rules for placing words in an order to form a sentence.

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25
Q

Models

A

In learning theory, those whose behaviours are imitated by others.

26
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in the frequency of a response due to the absence of reinforcement.

27
Q

Shaping

A

Gradual building of complex behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations to the target behaviour.

28
Q

Sensitive Period

A

18 months to puberty when the brain is especially capable of learning language.

29
Q

Attachment

A

An affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another when distressed, especially after seeking separation.

30
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

Fear of separation from an attachment figure.

31
Q

Contact Comfort

A

The pleasure derived from physical contact with another.

32
Q

Ethologists

A

Scientists who study the behaviour pattern characteristics of various species.

33
Q

Social Smile

A

A smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face.

34
Q

Critical Period

A

A period which imprinting can occur.

35
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which waterfowl become attached to the first moving object they follow.

36
Q

Pre-Attachment Phase

A

Birth-6 weeks; random attachment.

37
Q

Attachment in the making phase

A

6 weeks-6 months; preference for familiar figures.

38
Q

Clear Cut Attachment Phase

A

6-7 months-18-24 months; intensified dependence on primary caregiver.

39
Q

Formation of Reciprocal Relationships

A

18 months-2 years and beyond; awareness of factors that predict the parent’s return.

40
Q

Internal Working Model

A

A set of expectations and beliefs about the self, others, and the relationship between self and others.

41
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Characterized by mild distress when caregiver leaves and being readily soothed by reunion.

42
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to leave-takings by and reunions with an attachment figure.

43
Q

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

A

Type of insecure attachment; severe distress at caregiver’s departure and ambivalent behaviour at reunions.

44
Q

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

A

Insecure; dazed and contradictory behaviours towards an attachment figure.

45
Q

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A

Disturbed or inappropriate social interactions across a number of social situations, developed before age five years.

46
Q

Prototype Hypothesis

A

Initial relationship between child and caregiver serves as the foundation of all other relationships, including romantic ones.

47
Q

Physical Abuse

A

Any type of deliberate force that leads to non-accidental injury to any part of the body.

48
Q

Sexual Abuse

A

Molestation or exploitation of a child.

49
Q

Emotional Abuse

A

Verbal abuse or inadequate attention

50
Q

Neglect

A

Failing to supervise a child.

51
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Developmental disorders; impairment in social communication and social interaction across various contexts, and by repetitive stereotyped behaviour.

52
Q

Mutism

A

Refusal to speak

53
Q

Social Referencing

A

The seeking of another person’s perception of a situation to help us form our own view of it.

54
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

The ways in which young children control their own emotions.

55
Q

Separation-Individuation

A

the process of becoming separate from and independent of the mother.

56
Q

Temperament

A

Individual difference in style of reaction, present in early life.

57
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

Agreement between the parents’ expectations of a child and the child’s temperament

58
Q

Sex

A

A way of classifying individuals usually as male or female; due to a combination of biological and physiological features.

59
Q

Intersex

A

Born with variations to their chromosomes or genitals such that their sex does not match binary notions of male or female.

60
Q

Gender

A

Cultural views of what it means to be masculine or feminine according to one’s sex.

Psyc 223 - Developmental (4 decks)

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