section 4

Question 1

two types of load

Answer 1

dynamic load - moving load e.g. book being dropped
static load - stationary load e.g. book on table

Question 2

5 forces

Answer 2

tension - pulling force / resistance to stretching(tensile strength)
compression - squeezing/pushing force (compressive strength)
torsion - twisting force(torsion strength)
bending - results in compression and tension on either side of neural axis onto of fulcrum. (stiffness)
shear force - force that acts perpendicular to length of a body e.g. scissors on fabric

Question 3

reinforcing materials

Answer 3

a way of strengthening materials by adding material to improves its ability to withstand force

Question 4

how are car tyres reinforced

Answer 4

steel plates - reinforced tyre against punctures
side layering - sides of tyres ar layered to resist bumps and weight of car

Question 5

reinforced concrete how is it better

Answer 5

steel grid placed win concrete. high compressive strength of concrete and bending strength of steel combines

Question 6

reinforcement on clothes

Answer 6

metal rivets are placed onto areas where stitches combines to provide extra strength and tear resistance

Question 7

webbing

Answer 7

fabrics are woven into strips from year providing very high strength. used for ppe like suspending ropes and seat belts

Question 8

methods of stiffening materials

Answer 8

laminating - a paper is inserted into a plastic pouch with adhesive , making it more durable water resistant and less tear prone

interfacing - fabric is used to make garments more firm. e.g. baseball cap brim fusible or iron on garment is heat bonded and sew in is inserted into fabric with stitching

folding and bending - bending materials by adding curves arches can add considerable strength

Question 9

nets and their features

Answer 9

nets are two dimensional layouts of a shape to be folded into 3d shapes. consist of :
cut lines - solid lines showing where the material is cut from
score-lines- weakened lines that are dotted or indented lines showing where to fold
tab - extra material that can be used to fold and hold the shape with glue

Question 10

carbon footprint

Answer 10

a way of estimating greenhouse gases emissions caused by a product process or person

Question 11

ecological footprint and how it coincides with carbon footprint

Answer 11

measures the impact of persons life on the natural environment by measuring how much natural resource they use

it is measured by the amount of co2 realised from their lifestyles, so it coincides with carbon footprint

Question 12

social footprint

Answer 12

a measure of a companies impact on its community, policies, employees and partners by their social policies

Question 13

how is safe and acceptable working conditions ensured in UK

Answer 13

the Health and Safety Execute are a group who make sure the Health and Safety at Work act(1974) is enforced.

the minimum wage is introduced in 1999 and is reviewed

companies can become fair trade recognised

Question 14

slash and burn method of deforestation

Answer 14

forests are felled and then burnt. this provides nutrients to the soil for crops to be grown

Question 15

desertification

Answer 15

when the land dries out after rainforests are felled and can no longer support life or vegetation

Question 16

Mining and two types

Answer 16

mining is needed to extract material like minerals and metals that we need
underground mining - has less visual impact, is better for wildlife on earth but is dangerous for the miners and can cause sinkholes and instability

surface ming - scars the surface and environment more and causes more habitat loss

Question 17

what is drilling and what it is needed for

Answer 17

drilling is used to extract oil and shale gas. a borehole is made at 2,000 metres and fuel is extracted but it needs to be stored in large areas or pipelines

Question 18

farming effect on earth

Answer 18

uses large amount of land, so may aid deforestation. plants are generally carbon neutral but release carbon dioxide when decomposed or burnt as biofuel. cattle release methane.

Question 19

product miles

Answer 19

a measure of how much transportation was required for a product to be made from all its components. this goes in the life cycle assessment and is a measure of co2 emissions

Question 20

6 rs in order

Answer 20

refuse - not using or buying harmful things like plastic carrier bags or not eating overfished species
rethink - rethinking production and services as well as consummation to reduce emissions
reduce
reuse
repair
recycle

Question 21

3 types of recycling

Answer 21

primary - reusing a product multiple times for the same purpose
secondary - reusing a product for another purpose
tertiary - actual recycling - least desirable as it can not be 100% efficient

Question 22

4 scales of productio n

Answer 22

one off/ bespoke- made for one client with a specific characteristics
batch - more automation that one off, uses some specialist tools to make an identical number of products In a batch which may be altered each batch
mass - highly automated and high speed production lines for electronics
continuous - used to make stock form products and a limited range so production line does not have to be changed so it can run 24/7