section 1 Flashcards
CAD - benefits
computer aided design - using software to render and test designs
offer detailed analysis and manipulation with high accuracy saving time and money as they can seek opinions and results without having to make a physical prototype production
CAT
computer aided testing - software can do complex stress testing , flow dynamics and simulations to test computer
how software aids efficiency of production
company employees can collaborate from anywhere and make prototypes on CAM software connected to CNC machines like laser cutter machines and RPT machines like 3D printers
mains parts of production line
Delivery of raw materials
manufacturing
Packaging
distribution
enterprise
an idea Is cultivated into a business proposal that has commercial viability as a product
virtual marketing and retail
use of social media and websites to reach a larger client base by proromotinbg the product. People can make pages to promote product or pay for search engine optimisation
cooperative
an enterprise that is collectively run by its work force, ensuring workers rights with fair terms and conditions
fair trade
agreements between between consumer and workers that support development of small scale farmers and workers that means social economic and environmental standards by ensuring their rights and payment
ways to measure environmental impact
CO2 emissions
energy required
transportation miles
positive impacts of technologies
designing product that require less raw material, use less energy, are more disposable and have longer life spans
negative impacts of technologies
over use of raw materials
fossils fuels needed to power manufacture
high power consumption in use and standby
parts are hard to recycle and dispose
Kaizen
a Japanese philosophy, meaning ‘change for the better’ in which small but continuous improvements are sought after. employees in a team are celebrated for finding potential savings and improvements
efficient working examples
just in time and lean manufacturing
energy walks - an employee goes around switching off things that are unnecessarily consuming energy
carbon offsetting
to reach carbon neutrality companies invest into other positive contributions against the greenhouse effect when they cant reduce the co2 emissions from there production anymore
technology push w
after a new scientific discovery companies push to utilise it to make new technologies in order to get maximum sales from It first through having the first innovative and exciting product from it
market pull
the influence of consumer demand as the driving force behind new products. it forces companies to innovate so that they dont lose their market share and revenue
changing job roles
automation leads to manual labour jobs being reduced but its believed that people will not be unemployed but will have ‘up-skilled’ jobs
PDM
product data management - softwares that store product related data and information centrally and increases collaboration efficientcy and precision
CAM
computer aided manufacturing -
Post processing
stage in which CAD software files (.stl, .DXF, .OBJ) are converted into machine code in CAM machine so they can make the product
disadvantages of CAD
data can be losses / not accessed in power and internet connection outage
complex to learn
can be expensive
risk of security
demand for newest computer
FMS
flexible manufacturing system
a collection of automated machines that can be easily be adapted and changed in their function to adapt to fluctuations in the market
CNC machines are used in FMS because they can be easily reprogrammed
robot arms are used because they can perform a wide range of taks
Lean manufacturing
manufacturing based on an ethos of reducing waste, adopted by japanese manufacturers in the 1990s
JIT and advantages
products are manufactured right as the customer makes order without being pre-made or stored
no storage costs
no unsold stock , maximum profits
improved sales from eco friendly waste-free philosophy
no ways produced
stock does not get thrown away because it remains un sold or becomes out of trend or obsolete
disadvantages of JIT
heavily reliant on a strong, fast, high quality supply chain of raw materials and components which if stopped will halt production
longer wait for customers, which can reduce sales
deposit needs to be paid on the product which customers may not like
no discounts from bulk materials being bought
planned obsolescence with reasons
when designers make a product last for only a certain amount of time
appropriately engineered quality - items that are one use like razors should be made of cheap materials that don’t last long since it won’t be used more than once
upgrading and function - products can only be upgraded to a certain point like smart phones and then a new one is needed
new technologies - as new techologies are inevitable, making products that last overly long is pointless as people will demand new technology items
fashion and trends -
to keep market share -
design for maintenance
most products are designed to be irreparable so people have to buy new products
responsible end of life design methods
products should be designed in a way they can be resused and recycled (preferably reused as less energy is used and degradation in quality is less). it should include:
easy to seperate materials without permanent bonding
as few different materials as possible so less sorting is needed
recycled and reusable materials
built in reusability
