Section 3: The Self

Question 1

Self concept:

Answer 1

Awareness of one’s self as distinct from others along with our beliefs and attitudes with our knowledge

Question 2

Self awareness:

Answer 2

ability to see ourselves as distinct entities separate from others

Question 3

What does research on non-human primates tell us about self-awareness?

Answer 3

Wants others opinion

Reflected appraisal

Question 4

Looking Glass self:

Answer 4

use other people as a mirror to ourselves (Cooley 1902)

- Self as social creation (Mead 1934)

Question 5

self-creation:

Answer 5

personal growth - how we perceive ourselves

Question 6

Reflected appraisal:

Answer 6

person’s perception of how others see and evaluate him or her.

Question 7

Social Comparison: downward vs. upward

Answer 7

• Someone who is worse off than you on a given dimension : protects self esteem

Question 8

3 reasons why we self present:

Answer 8

1. When observers control something we want
2. When we are attempting to accomplish important goals
3. If we believe that important observers already have unfavorably impressions of us
   Person differences: the only woman in room, or only white person

Question 9

Public eye:

Answer 9

when we feel like others are looking at us or will be looking at us

Question 10

Spotlight Effect:

Answer 10

seeing ourselves in public eye even though you aren’t

Question 11

-Self-presentation fails:

Answer 11

Self-editing: ex. Facebook
Goal of matter: present self that makes yourself more favorable
Not always successful: costs of self-presentation failure, shyness or social anxiety

Question 12

3 ways how we protect sense of self:

Answer 12

Self-serving bias: tendency to take credit for and blame external factors for our failures
Illusion of control: delusions, preferences
Self-esteem: cultural differences in public self-esteem
Collectivists: try less to protect self-image

Question 13

3 core motivations in presenting ourselves:

Answer 13

To be liked
To be Competent
To gain status

Question 14

Ingratiation:

Answer 14

trying to get others to like us

Question 15

4 strategies of ingratiation:

Answer 15

1. Expressing liking for others (delicately)
2. Creating similarity
3. Making ourselves physically attractive (seen as more honest, more likely to be elected in public office, and receive more lineate jail time and fines)
   - WIBG: What is Beautiful is Good
4. Projecting modesty (gender and cultural differences: down play successes)
   - too much can seem as arrogant

Question 16

Gender and cultural differences exist for modesty and bragging:

Answer 16

Religious controversial stereotypes, socialization, how were raised, evolutionary explanation: a male that is gaining and keeping status is more desirable to women, high testosterone is related to more dominance and aggressive behavior, women tend to get a lot of backlash (things men do not get criticized for, women do), and tend to be less likeable

Question 17

How to appear competent:

Answer 17

Self-promotion: claiming competence that is real or staged
Trappings of competence: being really busy, displaying wealth, displaying awards, sometimes not what you know but who you know
Make excuses to discount possible failure in the future: look better
-Self-handicapping: create circumstances that will actually obstruct our ability to succeed when we are afraid that we won’t succeed
-Protects ego
Achievement motivation: individual difference that affects how competent of what we see

Question 18

How to present status of power:

Answer 18

1. Use props that announce status and power
2. Associate with powerful others
3. Show status or power non-verbally