Section 2: Person x Situation

Question 1

What is the difference between motivation and goals?

Answer 1

Motivation: driving force or energy that moves people towards their goals
Goals: desired outcomes or in states that we want to achieve

Question 2

What is willpower?

Answer 2

Self-control used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve difficult goals

Question 3

Baumeister et. al.:

Answer 3

Hypothesis Limited resource
Procedure: Hungry participants in room that smells like cookies- two plates with cookies and radishes
1 IV Group was told to eat cookies and do task – 17min
2 Group was told to eat radishes and do task – 6min
3 Group was told to eat nothing (nothing on table) and do task – control –20min
Results: No solutions to puzzles, measured how long they waited/doing puzzle (DV)
Limited mental resource – tired
-Limited but helpful

Question 4

how do Exemplars contribute to knowledge?

Answer 4

specific mental representation of an event or individual

Question 5

Schemas:

Answer 5

mental representation of general characteristics of a group

Question 6

Priming:

Answer 6

activation of knowledge or goals making them ready for use

- form impressions, and how we should behave/expect
- Chronically assessable info – readily available

Question 7

Attitudes:

Answer 7

Favorable or unfavorable evaluations of people, events, objects, or ideas

Question 8

Emotions:

Answer 8

Richer or more complex, go beyond liking or disliking, activate physiological arousal (Body awakens- increase in heart rate, release neurotransmitters, etc.)

Question 9

Moods:

Answer 9

Less focused then emotions, but last longer, influences everything that happens within a time period –role of culturally driven, genetically driven (ex. Encourage men to express anger or suppress anger)

Question 10

How does culture influence our expression of mood?

Answer 10

-Culture roles
Individualistic: emphasize standing out form other people, better than others, name is known
Collectivistic: get along with others, seeking harmony, be liked and be respected by others
“Rule of Thumb”: Western countries/cultures tend to be more individualistic, Eastern countries tend to be more collectivistic

Question 11

How can the mere presence of others influence our behavior?

Answer 11

Social Facilitation

Pluralistic ignorance

Question 12

Social Facilation:

Answer 12

When the presence of other people makes us perform better than we do when alone on tasks that are easy to us, it may be reverse if the task is difficult to us- likely to do worse
-the role of experience

Question 13

Pluralistic ignorance:

Answer 13

a person in a public situation thinks that the other person knows something that they do not know.. mask true thoughts or feelings to fit in group
Reality- everyone is feeling the same way, misperceiving the social norm
Ex. Asking questions in class, alcohol use on campus (party out of hand—thought no one else thought so)

Question 14

Affordances:

Answer 14

Threats and opportunities
Ex. Grades = good or bad, negative or positive review at work, partner = love or lost
Accurate judges of affordances
See traits/personality through visuals (photos)

Question 15

Social norms:

Answer 15

Unspoken rules that guide most people’s behavior in a given situation

1. Descriptive
2. Prescriptive

Question 16

Descriptive:

Answer 16

perception of how people actually behave in a given situation –most used
Ex. “If Johnny jumped off a bridge, would you jump off too?”

Question 17

Prescriptive:

Answer 17

behaviors that are approved of or disapproved of by others
Ex. “Will others like what I’m wearing or no?”
We rarely think of norms but unintentionally follow them, and rule other people out.

Question 18

Scripted situation:

Answer 18

: order in which we expect things to happen (certain events) because of prescriptive norms
Ex. Romantic relationship: 1. Meet 2. Get to know each other 3. Dating 4. I love you 5. Engagement 6.Marriage 7. Children

Question 19

Strong situations vs. weak scripted situations:

Answer 19

Ex. Wedding ceremonies (Scheduled time, place, everything), funerals, church services = strong situations
Ex. Weak = Going to a restaurant, going out with friends

Question 20

6 ways the situation and the person can interact?

Answer 20

Person x Situation interaction

1. Different people respond to the same situation in different ways
2. Situations choose the person
3. Persons choose their situation
4. Different situations activate different aspects of our self-concept
5. Persons change their situation
6. Situations change the person – socialization : how a culture teaches it’s members about its beliefs, customs, habits, and language