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Section 3: Technology and Neuroscience Flashcards

Review/Learn Section III of the Science Pentathlon 23-24 Study Guide.

1
Q

What is Broca’s Area associated with?

A

Speech and language

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2
Q

Who was Paul Broca?

A

A French surgeon and scientist who provided evidence that speech and language areas are found on the left side of the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Who proposed the first neural network?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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4
Q

Which U.S. president launched the BRAIN research campaign?

A

President Barak Obama

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5
Q

When was the BRAIN research campaign LAUNCHED?

A

2013

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6
Q

When did the BRAIN research campaign first get FUNDED?

A

2014

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7
Q

What is the Human Connectome Project working on?

A

Making the world’s largest map of the neural circuit structure and function

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8
Q

What is a connectome?

A

a map of a neural circuit structure and its functions

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9
Q

What are 3 results of the BRAIN research campaign?

A

the Human Connectome Project, publishing of an atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex, and new innovations in microscopy technology

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10
Q

What is perturbing the brain

A

damaging or lesioning an area of the brain to see the effects on the brain

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease can be treated by which form of electrical stimulation?

A

deep brain stimulation or DBS

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12
Q

Severe depression can be treated by which form of electrical stimulation?

A

electroshock therapy

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13
Q

How does tDCS work?

A

It uses one positive and one negative electrode to influence the activity of particular regions

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14
Q

How does optogenetics work?

A

foreign genes that respond to light are placed inside the brain and they target specific brain areas or neurons

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15
Q

ChR2 is an ion channel that is sensitive to what?

A

light

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16
Q

DNA sequences for which chemical is introduced to a mammal with optogenetics?

A

channelrhodopsin-2, or ChR2

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17
Q

What does TMS do?

A

TMS uses a magnetic field to make the neurons there depolarize or repolarize depending on how strong the magnetic field is

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18
Q

What do scientists mainly use TMS for?

A

they mainly use it to confirm lesion studies

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19
Q

TMS creates a lesion that returns to normal in what amount of time?

A

in a short amount of time

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20
Q

Intracellular recordings are recordings that target what part of the nervous system?

A

an individual neuron

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21
Q

Why are intracellular recordings difficult to do?

A

because they have to target one neuron and neurons are microscopic, making them hard to target individually

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22
Q

What are multi-unit recordings or extracellular recordings?

A

where an electrode measures the membrane potentials of a population of neurons from outside

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23
Q

When was phrenology popular?

A

the 19th century or 1800s

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24
Q

What was phrenology?

A

when a person would feel the bumps on your skull to determine the traits of your brain.

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25
Who invented phrenology?
German neuroanatomist Franz Joseph Gall
26
What type of science is phrenology?
pseudoscience
27
What is pseudoscience?
something that is thought to be scientific but has little to no science backing it
28
Phrenology developed what idea that became true?
the theory of localization
29
What is the theory of localization?
the idea that specific brain regions have unique functions
30
What was the first truly non-invasive way of recording information from actual neurons?
the EEG
31
Who invented the EEG?
Hans Berger
32
Who was Hans Berger?
A German psychiatrist
33
What decade was the EEG invented?
the 1920s
34
How did the EEG record information traditionally?
it used to involve sticking metal wires into the subject's skull
35
What does the EEG record brain activity as?
brain waves
36
What is a dipole?
an area of negative charge next to an area of positive charge
37
EEGs show the activity over what time period?
a few milliseconds
38
What is an event-related potential, or ERP?
changes in the membrane potential in response to a stimulus
39
What are N170s?
N170s are spikes in EEG recordings, occurs mainly when met with visual or auditory stimuli, shows 170 milliseconds after
40
What are the downsides to EEG?
It has bad spatial resolution and can only detect areas near the skull
41
What was the truly groundbreaking invention for cognitive neuroscience?
MRIs, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging
42
True or false, MRIs can't be used for other parts of the body and only the brain.
False, MRI's can have many other uses, including finding injuries in other parts of the body
43
What type of atoms align when under an MRI scanner?
hydrogen atoms
44
What is an RF or Radio Frequency in an MRI?
A radio signal used in an MRI that lasts a moment and changes the alignment of hydrogen atoms
45
What colors are used in MRI maps?
shades of black, white, and gray
46
When the hydrogen atoms return to their original locations, what do they send off or emit?
the emit faint radio signals
47
True or false: Oxygenated blood has the same magnetic properties as deoxygenated blood?
False, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different magnetic properties, these show up on the MRI scanner
48
What is an fMRI or BOLD Imaging?
A type of MRI scanner that tracks where oxygenated blood flows when brain regions are activated.
49
What decade was the fMRI developed?
the 1990s
50
fMRI gave evidence for what brain area?
the fusiform face area, or FFA
51
What is an FFA?
An FFA is a brain area solely focused on processing faces
52
Where is the FFA found?
the lower surface of the temporal lobe
53
Is an MRI more or less specific than an EEG or a direct neural recording?
MRIs are less specific because they track the blood and overall activity, rather than targeting specific neurons and brain areas
54
What is a BMI?
a system that allows people to control a machine or device using only their thoughts
55
What decade did research on BMIs begin?
the 1970s
56
Where was neuroprosthetic technology invented?
UC San Fransisco
57
What does neuroprosthetic technology do?
It records from the brain's speech centers and translates it into speech
58
How fast with what percent accuracy was neuroprosthetic technology able to perform?
up to 18 words per minute with a 93% accuracy
59
What are 2 ways you can take brain activity?
implanted and wearable devices
60
What are implanted devices?
devices that are surgically attached to tissue
61
When are implanted devices used?
they are used with people that have severe disorders or damage to their nervous system
62
What are wearable devices?
devices you can wear that use external electrodes, often based on tDCS technology
63
When are wearable devices used?
they are used with people who have less severe damage and have fewer risks with it
64
Why would someone choose an implanted device over a wearable device?
implanted devices are stronger and have a better ability to record information from the brain
65
What is computation (theoretical) neuroscience?
Any type of neuroscience that uses mathematical models, computer simulations, or theoretical analysis to better understand the nervous system
66
What decade was computational neuroscience first thought of?
the 1980s
67
Who do most computational neuroscientists collaborate with?
experimentalists
68
Who are experimentalists?
people who work with actual neurons, brains, or living organisms
69
What is computational neuronal modeling?
the use of computer algorithms or simulator programs to model the behavior of neurons to learn more about their processes
70
What are artificial neural networks made to do?
they are made to mimic existing networks of neurons in the brain
71
Artificial networks have nodes that act as _________ in the nervous system.
neurons
72
Finish the analogy: ______ are to AI as neurons are to humans
nodes
73
In artificial neural networks, what are synapses represented as?
mathematical weights
74
How are artificial neural networks trained?
input is fed to the nodes, and they compare their output to the output desired and change the weights based on the networks' output
75
What is a deep neural network?
a highly complex version of an artificial neural network that is capable of solving extremely difficult problems
76
What type of system was able to beat the board game Go?
a deep neural network
77
Go was first beat in 1996. When did a system beat the record?
2015
78
How many possible moves are there on each turn of Go?
10^360
79
What is psychiatry?
a medical field that involves the patient reporting on their physical and emotional states to come up with a diagnosis for their problem
80
What is computational psychiatry?
adding computer algorithms to patient descriptions to help come up with a diagnosis, made to improve patient outcomes
81
What decade did computational psychiatry start?
2010s
82
What is the goal of computational psychiatry?
to help improve a patient's response to treatments and drugs, and to improve patient outcomes

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