Section 1: Cells and the Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards
Review/Learn Section I of the Science Pentathlon 23-24 Study Guide.
1
Q
Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?
A
the soma or cell body
2
Q
What is the main role of the nervous system?
A
communication
3
Q
What is the receiving part of a neuron?
A
the dendrite
4
Q
The word dendrite comes from the Greek word for _________.
A
treelike
5
Q
What part of the neuron sends signals down?
A
the axon
6
Q
Where does the axon end?
A
axon terminals
6
Q
Are there organelles in the axon?
A
no
7
Q
Where does the axon begin?
A
the axon hillock
8
Q
What are the gaps in myelin called?
A
Nodes of Ranvier
9
Q
At what part of a neuron does another neuron connects and transmits signals to another?
A
the synapse
10
Q
In the brain, what type of matter is on the outside?
A
gray matter
11
Q
In the spinal cord, what type of matter is on the outside?
A
white matter
12
Q
What are the non-neuronal cells in the nervous system?
A
glial cells, or GLIA
13
Q
Glial cells were first thought to have which function in the nervous system?
A
The function of holding the neurons together
14
Q
What types of GLIA myelinate axons?
A
oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
15
Q
Oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in which part of the nervous system?
A
the central nervous system
16
Q
Schwann cells myelinate neurons in which part of the nervous system?
A
the peripheral nervous system
17
Q
What GLIA regulates the chemical makeup of the nervous system?
A
astrocytes
18
Q
What cells are immune cells of the nervous system?
A
Microglia
19
Q
What does the latin word Dura Mater mean?
A
Tough Mother
20
Q
What is the outermost layer of the meninges?
A
the Dura Mater
21
Q
What fatty layer is between the dura mater and skull and absorbs shock?
A
the epidural space
22
Q
What is the second layer of the meninges?
A
the Arachnoid membrane
23
Q
What layer is found below the arachnoid membrane?
A
the subarachnoid membrane
24
What is the 3rd layer of the meninges?
the Pia Mater
25
"Pia Mater" comes from the Latin words for?
gentle mother
26
What is the largest part of the brain?
the cerebrum
27
What are gyri
the bumps on the brain's surface
28
What are sulci?
the grooves and folds on the brain
29
How many lobes of the brain are there?
4
30
What is the largest lobe?
the frontal lobe
31
The frontal lobe has regions related to?
complex thinking, motor planning, cognition, and more
32
The parietal lobe has regions related to?
processing sensory and spatial information
33
The temporal lobe has regions related to?
processing auditory information, memory, emotion, recognition, and more
34
The occipital lobe has regions related to?
processing visual information
35
The cerebellum is involved in what functions?
learning new movements, coordination, and other motor functions
36
The cerebellum is 10% of the brain's mass, but has over __% of the brain's neurons.
50%
37
Amygdala comes from the Greek word meaning __________.
almond
38
The limbic system is a major system for what?
behavior and emotions
39
The amygdala does what?
Regulates fear and other emotions and processes stress, threat, reward
40
The hippocampus is good for?
long-term memory and spatial navigation, as well as how the circuitry of the brain changes over time
41
The thalamus is the ________ __________ between the body and the brain
Relay station
42
All sensory input must pass through the thalamus except for what?
smell or olfaction
43
The hypothalamus works to intervene and balance out with which other brain region?
the pituitary gland
44
What is homeostasis?
homeostasis is a state of the body where all systems are perfectly balanced and is an ideal state
45
The pineal gland regulates sleep patterns by producing what hormone?
Melatonin
46
What is Melatonin?
Melatonin is the hormone that causes you to fall asleep
47
How does the pineal gland know when to produce Melatonin?
It takes visual information and produces it when it is dark out or when your body feels tired
48
The basal ganglia is best known for its role in movement, but also plays a role in ___________________________.
motor learning, cognition, behavior, and emotion
49
What are the structures that make up the basal ganglia?
the putamen, caudate nucleus, and substantia nigra
50
What part of the basal ganglia dies off with Parkinson's disease?
the substantia nigra
51
What are symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease?
muscle rigidity, a gait, and difficulty initiating movement
52
What is a gait?
too little or too much movement when walking
53
What are the sections of the brainstem?
the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
54
What is the topmost part of the brainstem?
the midbrain
55
What is the middle part of the brainstem?
the pons
56
56
56
Pons comes from the Latin word for ______.
bridge
57
What is the bottom part of the brainstem?
the medulla oblongata
58
What does the midbrain control?
It controls eye movements, as well as making a map of the environment by using visual and auditory information
59
What does the pons control?
facial movements, balance, hearing, and muscles
60
What does the medulla control?
touch sensations, vomiting, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other involuntary functions
61
While the brain is encased in skull, what is the spinal cord encased in?
vertebrae
62
What does the cervical spinal cord innervate?
The arms, neck, and shoulders
63
What does the thoracic spinal cord innervate?
chest and torso
64
What does the lumbar spinal cord innervate with?
hips and fronts of the legs
65
What does the sacral spinal cord innervate with?
the buttocks, the backs of the legs, the bladder, and the genitals
66
What are the cavities in the ventricular system filled with?
CSF
67
In the spinal cord, CSF can be found in a long, narrow tube called the _________ ___________.
central canal
68
What lines the ventricular system and produces new CSF?
the choroid plexus
69
What is old CSF absorbed by
the meninges
70
What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system?
the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
71
What is the somatic nervous system made up of?
The sending of sensory information, specifically ones from external tissues
72
True or False: The somatic nervous system consists of two subsections.
False, this is the autonomic nervous system
73
Can you feel the sensations involved with the somatic nervous system?
Yes, they are under our conscious control
74
Autonomic comes from which Greek word?
autonomia
75
Does the autonomic nervous system control the unconscious or conscious responses?
the unconscious responses, specifically the functions of the internal organs
76
Where is smooth muscle found?
our internal organs
77
Which Greek word does the word "autonomia" come from?
The word for "independence"
78
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
The sympathetic division
79
The neuron that starts the sympathetic chain is located in which area of the spinal cord?
the lumbar and thoracic regions
80
The response from the sympathetic division is activated by which glands?
the adrenal glands
81
The adrenal glands produce what hormone?
adrenaline
82
While the sympathetic division is focused on "fight or flight" responses, the parasympathetic division is focused on ______ ___ ________.
rest and digest
83
Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?
near their target organ
84
What are membrane potentials?
the charge on the inside of the cell compared to the outside
85
What are membrane potentials measured in (electricity)?
millivolts or mV
86
A membrane potential of ____ means the charge of the inside of the neuron is the same as the outside environment.
0 mV or 0 millivolts
87
The resting and action potentials can be compared to ______________________.
the turning on and off a light switch
88
What are the 3 types of ion channels?
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K)
89
In a resting state, is the inside of the neuron more or less negatively charged than the outside?
more negatively charged
90
What is a typical resting potential voltage?
-70 mV
91
What does depolarization mean
To become more positive
92
What does repolarization mean?
To become more negative
93
What is the all-or-none principle?
This refers to when a neuron's potential reaches threshold and keeps polarizing, or doesn't reach threshold and depolarizes back to resting state.
94
What is the voltage for threshold?
-50 to -65 mV
95
Polarization occurs until it reaches the overshoot of the action potential or _______ mV.
30 to 40 mV
96
What is the propagation of an action potential?
the rapid opening and closing of ion channels to start an action potential
97
When the action potential reaches its peak, what channels open and what channels close?
Na channels close and K channels open, allowing potassium to flow out of the cell
98
The cell will repolarize after the overshoot until it reaches what voltage?
-80 mV
99
What allows the cell to return to a normal resting potential after the undershoot?
the sodium-potassium pump
100
Does the sodium-potassium stop working?
No, unless there is something wrong with the cell or the neuron dies off
101
What type of cell allows for neurons to communicate?
Astrocytes
102
What is neuroscience?
the study of the nervous system
103
What is a presynaptic neuron?
the neuron that synapses onto another neuron
104
What is a postsynaptic neuron?
a neuron that receives information from the presynaptic neuron
105
Do interneurons have axons?
no
106
Hyperactive microglia cause what in the brain?
inflammation
107
Where is the prefrontal cortex located?
in the frontal lobe, all the areas in front of the motor cortex
108
What is memory consolidation?
the process of creating long-term memories, usually by making short-term memories into more-stable long term memories
109
Smell doesn't pass through the thalamus, but instead goes directly to which brain area?
the amygdala
110
What are hormones?
the chemical messengers of the brain
