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Science Pentathlon 23-24 > Section 1: Cells and the Anatomy of the Brain > Flashcards

Section 1: Cells and the Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

Review/Learn Section I of the Science Pentathlon 23-24 Study Guide.

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?

A

the soma or cell body

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2
Q

What is the main role of the nervous system?

A

communication

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3
Q

What is the receiving part of a neuron?

A

the dendrite

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4
Q

The word dendrite comes from the Greek word for _________.

A

treelike

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5
Q

What part of the neuron sends signals down?

A

the axon

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6
Q

Where does the axon end?

A

axon terminals

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6
Q

Are there organelles in the axon?

A

no

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7
Q

Where does the axon begin?

A

the axon hillock

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8
Q

What are the gaps in myelin called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

At what part of a neuron does another neuron connects and transmits signals to another?

A

the synapse

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10
Q

In the brain, what type of matter is on the outside?

A

gray matter

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11
Q

In the spinal cord, what type of matter is on the outside?

A

white matter

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12
Q

What are the non-neuronal cells in the nervous system?

A

glial cells, or GLIA

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13
Q

Glial cells were first thought to have which function in the nervous system?

A

The function of holding the neurons together

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14
Q

What types of GLIA myelinate axons?

A

oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in which part of the nervous system?

A

the central nervous system

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16
Q

Schwann cells myelinate neurons in which part of the nervous system?

A

the peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

What GLIA regulates the chemical makeup of the nervous system?

A

astrocytes

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18
Q

What cells are immune cells of the nervous system?

A

Microglia

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19
Q

What does the latin word Dura Mater mean?

A

Tough Mother

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20
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

A

the Dura Mater

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21
Q

What fatty layer is between the dura mater and skull and absorbs shock?

A

the epidural space

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22
Q

What is the second layer of the meninges?

A

the Arachnoid membrane

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23
Q

What layer is found below the arachnoid membrane?

A

the subarachnoid membrane

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24
Q

What is the 3rd layer of the meninges?

A

the Pia Mater

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25
Q

“Pia Mater” comes from the Latin words for?

A

gentle mother

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26
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

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27
Q

What are gyri

A

the bumps on the brain’s surface

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28
Q

What are sulci?

A

the grooves and folds on the brain

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29
Q

How many lobes of the brain are there?

A

4

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30
Q

What is the largest lobe?

A

the frontal lobe

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31
Q

The frontal lobe has regions related to?

A

complex thinking, motor planning, cognition, and more

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32
Q

The parietal lobe has regions related to?

A

processing sensory and spatial information

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33
Q

The temporal lobe has regions related to?

A

processing auditory information, memory, emotion, recognition, and more

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34
Q

The occipital lobe has regions related to?

A

processing visual information

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35
Q

The cerebellum is involved in what functions?

A

learning new movements, coordination, and other motor functions

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36
Q

The cerebellum is 10% of the brain’s mass, but has over __% of the brain’s neurons.

A

50%

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37
Q

Amygdala comes from the Greek word meaning __________.

A

almond

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38
Q

The limbic system is a major system for what?

A

behavior and emotions

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39
Q

The amygdala does what?

A

Regulates fear and other emotions and processes stress, threat, reward

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40
Q

The hippocampus is good for?

A

long-term memory and spatial navigation, as well as how the circuitry of the brain changes over time

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41
Q

The thalamus is the ________ __________ between the body and the brain

A

Relay station

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42
Q

All sensory input must pass through the thalamus except for what?

A

smell or olfaction

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43
Q

The hypothalamus works to intervene and balance out with which other brain region?

A

the pituitary gland

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44
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

homeostasis is a state of the body where all systems are perfectly balanced and is an ideal state

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45
Q

The pineal gland regulates sleep patterns by producing what hormone?

A

Melatonin

46
Q

What is Melatonin?

A

Melatonin is the hormone that causes you to fall asleep

47
Q

How does the pineal gland know when to produce Melatonin?

A

It takes visual information and produces it when it is dark out or when your body feels tired

48
Q

The basal ganglia is best known for its role in movement, but also plays a role in ___________________________.

A

motor learning, cognition, behavior, and emotion

49
Q

What are the structures that make up the basal ganglia?

A

the putamen, caudate nucleus, and substantia nigra

50
Q

What part of the basal ganglia dies off with Parkinson’s disease?

A

the substantia nigra

51
Q

What are symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

muscle rigidity, a gait, and difficulty initiating movement

52
Q

What is a gait?

A

too little or too much movement when walking

53
Q

What are the sections of the brainstem?

A

the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

54
Q

What is the topmost part of the brainstem?

A

the midbrain

55
Q

What is the middle part of the brainstem?

A

the pons

56
Q
A
56
Q
A
56
Q

Pons comes from the Latin word for ______.

A

bridge

57
Q

What is the bottom part of the brainstem?

A

the medulla oblongata

58
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

It controls eye movements, as well as making a map of the environment by using visual and auditory information

59
Q

What does the pons control?

A

facial movements, balance, hearing, and muscles

60
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

touch sensations, vomiting, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other involuntary functions

61
Q

While the brain is encased in skull, what is the spinal cord encased in?

A

vertebrae

62
Q

What does the cervical spinal cord innervate?

A

The arms, neck, and shoulders

63
Q

What does the thoracic spinal cord innervate?

A

chest and torso

64
Q

What does the lumbar spinal cord innervate with?

A

hips and fronts of the legs

65
Q

What does the sacral spinal cord innervate with?

A

the buttocks, the backs of the legs, the bladder, and the genitals

66
Q

What are the cavities in the ventricular system filled with?

A

CSF

67
Q

In the spinal cord, CSF can be found in a long, narrow tube called the _________ ___________.

A

central canal

68
Q

What lines the ventricular system and produces new CSF?

A

the choroid plexus

69
Q

What is old CSF absorbed by

A

the meninges

70
Q

What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

71
Q

What is the somatic nervous system made up of?

A

The sending of sensory information, specifically ones from external tissues

72
Q

True or False: The somatic nervous system consists of two subsections.

A

False, this is the autonomic nervous system

73
Q

Can you feel the sensations involved with the somatic nervous system?

A

Yes, they are under our conscious control

74
Q

Autonomic comes from which Greek word?

A

autonomia

75
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system control the unconscious or conscious responses?

A

the unconscious responses, specifically the functions of the internal organs

76
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

our internal organs

77
Q

Which Greek word does the word “autonomia” come from?

A

The word for “independence”

78
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?

A

The sympathetic division

79
Q

The neuron that starts the sympathetic chain is located in which area of the spinal cord?

A

the lumbar and thoracic regions

80
Q

The response from the sympathetic division is activated by which glands?

A

the adrenal glands

81
Q

The adrenal glands produce what hormone?

A

adrenaline

82
Q

While the sympathetic division is focused on “fight or flight” responses, the parasympathetic division is focused on ______ ___ ________.

A

rest and digest

83
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

near their target organ

84
Q

What are membrane potentials?

A

the charge on the inside of the cell compared to the outside

85
Q

What are membrane potentials measured in (electricity)?

A

millivolts or mV

86
Q

A membrane potential of ____ means the charge of the inside of the neuron is the same as the outside environment.

A

0 mV or 0 millivolts

87
Q

The resting and action potentials can be compared to ______________________.

A

the turning on and off a light switch

88
Q

What are the 3 types of ion channels?

A

Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K)

89
Q

In a resting state, is the inside of the neuron more or less negatively charged than the outside?

A

more negatively charged

90
Q

What is a typical resting potential voltage?

A

-70 mV

91
Q

What does depolarization mean

A

To become more positive

92
Q

What does repolarization mean?

A

To become more negative

93
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

This refers to when a neuron’s potential reaches threshold and keeps polarizing, or doesn’t reach threshold and depolarizes back to resting state.

94
Q

What is the voltage for threshold?

A

-50 to -65 mV

95
Q

Polarization occurs until it reaches the overshoot of the action potential or _______ mV.

A

30 to 40 mV

96
Q

What is the propagation of an action potential?

A

the rapid opening and closing of ion channels to start an action potential

97
Q

When the action potential reaches its peak, what channels open and what channels close?

A

Na channels close and K channels open, allowing potassium to flow out of the cell

98
Q

The cell will repolarize after the overshoot until it reaches what voltage?

A

-80 mV

99
Q

What allows the cell to return to a normal resting potential after the undershoot?

A

the sodium-potassium pump

100
Q

Does the sodium-potassium stop working?

A

No, unless there is something wrong with the cell or the neuron dies off

101
Q

What type of cell allows for neurons to communicate?

A

Astrocytes

102
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

the study of the nervous system

103
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron?

A

the neuron that synapses onto another neuron

104
Q

What is a postsynaptic neuron?

A

a neuron that receives information from the presynaptic neuron

105
Q

Do interneurons have axons?

A

no

106
Q

Hyperactive microglia cause what in the brain?

A

inflammation

107
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex located?

A

in the frontal lobe, all the areas in front of the motor cortex

108
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

the process of creating long-term memories, usually by making short-term memories into more-stable long term memories

109
Q

Smell doesn’t pass through the thalamus, but instead goes directly to which brain area?

A

the amygdala

110
Q

What are hormones?

A

the chemical messengers of the brain

Science Pentathlon 23-24 (3 decks)

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