Section 3: Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards
Hemostasis
Process which causes bleeding to stop
Keeps blood in a damaged blood vessel
Increased blood volume can be due to ___ or ___
Hyperemia
Congestion
Congestion is a ___ process
Passive
Venous obstruction can lead to ___ (bluish color)
Cyanosis
Congestion can be caused by
Congestive Heart Failure
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Chronic pulmonary congestion causes fibrotic
Alveolar septa
Heart failure cells are composted of
Macrophages
Hemosiderin
Heart failure cells are found in
Chronic pulmonary congestion
In lungs after heart failure
Congestive hepatopathy can be caused by anything that obstructs
Hepatic venous drainage
Necrosis caused by congestive hepatopathy can cause
Nutmeg liver
Centrilobular necrosis
Central lobule of liver dying due to congestive hepatopathy
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
2/3 of body’s H2O is
Intracellular fluid
1/3 of body’s H2O is
Interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid is drained by
Lymphatics
2 types of edema
- Localized (MC)
2. Generalized (rare)
Types of localized edema
- Lower extremities
- Peritoneal cavity
- Pleural cavity
Edema in peritoneal cavity can be called
Ascites
Ascites occurs due to occlusion of hepatic veins, which can occur due to
Cirrhosis
Cancer
Blood clots
Edema in pleural cavity can be called
Hydrothorax (fluid around lungs)
Generalized edema occurring in subcutaneous tissues can be called
Anasarca
Anasarca is bodywide edema due to
Low dietary protein
Edema can be caused by
- inflammation
- too much hydrostatic pressure
- too little osmotic pressure
- lymphatic obstruction
- retention of sodium or H2O
Increased hydrostatic pressure is from
Impaired venous return
Localized impaired venous return
Deep vein thrombosis
Generalized impaired venous return
Congestive heart failure
Reduced osmotic pressure can be from
Too few plasma proteins
Hypoalbuminemia
Most common plasma protein
Albumin
Too few plasma proteins can be due to
Reduced production of proteins
Increased loss of proteins
Increased loss of plasma proteins can be due to
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Peripheral edema
Proteinuria
Hyperlipidemia
Hypoalbuminemia
Lymphatic obstruction can occur due to
Inflammation / fibrosis
Tumors
Inactivity
Damage to which organs are most likely to be involved with edema
Liver
Heart
Kidney
Filariasis aka
Elephantiasis
Filariasis caused by
Extreme lymphatic obstruction due to bacterial infection
A mastectomy can cause ___ due to scar tissue obstructing lymph drainage
Lymphedema
Peau d’orange
Tethering of sweat glands of the breast due to edema pushing upward
Due to severe lymphatic obstruction
Causes of sodium and water retention
A. High salt diet
B. Hypoperfusion to kidneys
C. Acute renal failure
D. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Increased water volume causes increased
Pressure
Exudate
Protein rich edema
Dependent edema
Ankles or sacrum (pressure ulceration)
Cerebral edema
Increased intracranial pressure
Cerebral edema can be caused by
Abnormal BBB (tumors, infection, trauma)
Cell membrane injury (toxins, hypoxia)
Pitting edema
Transudate accumulates
Protein poor
No osmosis
Non-inflammatory
Ex. Heart Failure
Non-Pitting Edema
Exudate accumulates
Protein rich
Osmosis
Inflammatory
Hemorrhage
Extravasation of blood from vessels