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Gen Path > Exam 1 Remaining Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Remaining Material Flashcards

1
Q

Granuloma

A

Collection of macrophages

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2
Q

Granuloma AKA

A

Epithelioid cells

Giant cells

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3
Q

Caseating Granuloma indicates

A

TB

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4
Q

Inflammatory mediators

A

Prostaglandins

Substance P

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5
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Pain

Fever >100.4 F/ 38C

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6
Q

Substance P

A

NT

Pain signals

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7
Q

Unresolved inflammatory reactions can be caused by

A

Persistent infection
Immunosuppression
Hypersensitivity reactions

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8
Q

Features of chronic inflammation

A

Mononuclear WBC (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

Tissue destruction

Vessel production and fibrosis

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9
Q

Lymphocytes are a part of

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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10
Q

B Cells evolve into ___ that secrete ___

A

Plasma cells

Antibodies

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11
Q

Lymphocytes sustain

A

Chronic inflammation via cytokines

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12
Q

Dominant cell type at site of chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

Job of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis of microbes and injured cells

Initiate angiogenesis and fibrosis

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14
Q

Classically activated macrophages

A
  1. Phagocytosis and killing

2. Inflammation

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15
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages

A
  1. Tissue repair, fibrosis

2. Anti-inflammatory effects

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16
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages secrete GFs that promote

A

Fibroblasts- scarring

Angiogenesis

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17
Q

Systemic effects of inflammation initiated by

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

Steps fo scar formation

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Fibroblast migration and proliferation
  3. Collagen deposition
  4. Remodeling
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19
Q

Granulation tissue develops in ___ days

A

3-5

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20
Q

Fibrosis occurs when

A
  • severe damage
  • prolonged injury
  • injury to terminally differentiated cells
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21
Q

In fibrosis, injured cells are replaced by

A

Connective tissue

22
Q

Granulomatous inflammation also present in

A

Crohn’s, syphilis, leprosy, persistent fungal infection, cat-scratch disease

23
Q

Prostaglandins are produced by

A

Mast cells
Macrophages
Endothelial cells

24
Q

Fever is produced when

A

Prostaglandins interact with hypothalamus to increase body’s temperature

25
Q

Substance P is produced by

A

Leukocytes

Sensory nerves

26
Q

Examples of persistent infections

A

Hep B and C
TB
C-Diff

27
Q

Examples of prolonged injury

A

Tobacco smoke

28
Q

Stimuli to classically activate macrophages

A

Microbes
Crystalline substances
Particles from tissue necrosis

29
Q

Fibroblasts secrete

30
Q

Acute-phase response is a nonspecific response which involves

A

Fever, changes to proteins in blood, increased numbers of WBC in circulation

31
Q

Acute-phase proteins are found in blood plasma and are produced by the

32
Q

Acute phase proteins

A
  • elevated C-reactive protein

- increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate

33
Q

Elevated CRP levels can serve as a marker for

A

Heart attack risks

34
Q

ESR is the rate that..

A

RBCs fall out of suspension within 1 hour

35
Q

Leukocytosis describes

A

Elevated level of WBC inside circulation and is traditionally associated with inflammation

36
Q

Normal WBC levels range

A

4,000 - 10,000 cells/microliter

37
Q

Bacterial infections are more likely to produce elevations in

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

Viral infections stimulate elevations in

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

Leukemiod reactions mimic elevated WBC levels associated with

40
Q

Conditions that produce Leukemoid reactions

A

Mono
TB
C-Diff

41
Q

Other effects of the acute-phase reaction

A

Anorexia
Somnolence
Malaise

42
Q

Tissue repair focuses on 2 main processes

A
  1. Tissue regeneration

2. Scarring/ fibrosis

43
Q

Regeneration

A

Tissue is able to return to normal state

44
Q

Tissues that are regularly dividing or have high capacity for cell division are more likely to heal via

A

Regeneration

45
Q

Example of cells that heal via regeneration

A

Labile cells

Skin

GI mucosa

46
Q

Liver may regrow up to ___ of its mass due to unique ability of hepatocytes

47
Q

Fibrosis commonly occurs in injured tissues that are ____ or ____

A

Incapable of cellular division

Severe tissue damage

48
Q

The greater the injury to the ECM…

A

The more scar tissue that must be deposited

49
Q

Fibroblasts accumulate at the site of injury within

50
Q

Granulation tissues

A

Specialized tissue that is composed of fibroblasts, newly formed capillaries, loose ECM and WBCs

51
Q

Granulation tissue is ___ that serves as

A

Pink-colored tissue

Tissue that scarring is built upon

Gen Path (10 decks)

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