Section 3: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards
What are effector sites?
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.
What are interneurons?
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.
What are the subdivisons of sensory neurons?
These sensory receptors are subdivided into mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervious systems?
Two further subdivisions of the PNS include the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
What is the somatic nervous system?
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.
What is the autonomic nervous system?
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic system is then further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.
“fight or flight”
What is the parasympathtic nervous system?
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.
“rest and digest”
Define
stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening
Define
joint receptors
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Define
neurocircuitry
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
What are the 3 stages of motor skill development?
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
What are the 3 primary functions of the nervous system?
- Sensory
- Integrative
- motor functions
Define
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
Which two parts is the skeletal systems divide into?
the axial and appendicular skeletal systems
What’s the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Osteoclasts are special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue. Osteoblasts are special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
What are 2 categories of bone markings?
- Depressions
- Processes
Define
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
Define
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
What’s a useful analogy to remember the structures of the spine?
Use the “breakfast, lunch, and dinner” analogy to help remember structures of the spine:
Breakfast at 7:00 a.m. = 7 cervical vertebrae at the neck
Lunch at 12:00 p.m. = 12 thoracic vertebrae at the mid-back
Dinner at 5:00 p.m. = 5 lumbar vertebrae at the low-back
What’s the difference between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics?
Osteokinematics is the description of bone movement (e.g., flexion and extension), while arthrokinematics is the description of joint movement (i.e., the interaction between two bone surfaces)
What are the three major types of arthrokinematics?
roll, slide or glide, and spin
What is a nonaxial joint?
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
Define
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.
These joints exhibit little to no movement.
What’s the difference between ligaments and tendons?
- Ligaments connect bone-to-bone
- Tendons connect bone-to-muscle
What does the hypothalamus do?
Hypothalamus is a key player for hormone actions because it serves to communicate messages from the body to the pituitary gland
What are the primary endocrine glands?
the hypothalamus, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and reproductive glands
What does the pitituary gland do?
The pituitary gland controls the functions of many other endocrine glands
What does insulin do?
Insulin functions like a train heading to specific destinations. Glucose molecules are the passengers on the train, and the bloodstream functions as the railroad tracks. Without the train (insulin) and the railroad tracks (bloodstream), the passengers (glucose) could not reach their destinations (liver, muscle, and fat cells).
What does glucagon do?
it stimulates the liver to convert its glycogen stores back into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream
What does the adrenal gland release?
adrenal glands, when stimulated, release catecholamines and cortisol
What are 2 catecholamines?
two catecholamines—epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine—are hormones produced by the adrenal glands
Define
anabolic
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.
tissue-building
What is insulin-like growth factors (IGF)?
IGF is released from the liver and is responsible for protein synthesis, fat metabolism, growth, and development
What does the term “endocrine” mean?
Endocrine = hormones secreting
What does cortisol do?
Break down of fats and proteins during exercise
What can high levels of cortisol cause?
- overtraining
- stress
- poor sleep
- inadequate nutrition
