Section 3: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts

Question 1

What are effector sites?

Answer 1

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Question 2

What are interneurons?

Answer 2

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

Question 3

What are the subdivisons of sensory neurons?

Answer 3

These sensory receptors are subdivided into mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

Question 4

What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervious systems?

Answer 4

Two further subdivisions of the PNS include the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 5

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 5

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Question 6

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

Question 7

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 7

The autonomic system is then further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 8

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

“fight or flight”

Question 9

What is the parasympathtic nervous system?

Answer 9

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

“rest and digest”

Question 10

Define

stretch reflex

Answer 10

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

Question 11

Define

joint receptors

Answer 11

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 12

Define

neurocircuitry

Answer 12

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 13

What are the 3 stages of motor skill development?

Answer 13

1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous

Question 14

What are the 3 primary functions of the nervous system?

Answer 14

• Sensory
• Integrative
• motor functions

Question 15

Define

Axial skeleton

Answer 15

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Question 16

Which two parts is the skeletal systems divide into?

Answer 16

the axial and appendicular skeletal systems

Question 17

What’s the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

Answer 17

Osteoclasts are special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue. Osteoblasts are special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

Question 18

What are 2 categories of bone markings?

Answer 18

• Depressions
• Processes

Question 19

Define

Processes

Answer 19

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

Question 19

Define

Processes

Answer 19

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

Question 20

What’s a useful analogy to remember the structures of the spine?

Answer 20

Use the “breakfast, lunch, and dinner” analogy to help remember structures of the spine:

Breakfast at 7:00 a.m. = 7 cervical vertebrae at the neck
Lunch at 12:00 p.m. = 12 thoracic vertebrae at the mid-back
Dinner at 5:00 p.m. = 5 lumbar vertebrae at the low-back

Question 21

What’s the difference between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics?

Answer 21

Osteokinematics is the description of bone movement (e.g., flexion and extension), while arthrokinematics is the description of joint movement (i.e., the interaction between two bone surfaces)

Question 22

What are the three major types of arthrokinematics?

Answer 22

roll, slide or glide, and spin

Question 23

What is a nonaxial joint?

Answer 23

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

Question 24

Define

Nonsynovial joints

Answer 24

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

These joints exhibit little to no movement.

Question 25

What’s the difference between ligaments and tendons?

Answer 25

• Ligaments connect bone-to-bone
• Tendons connect bone-to-muscle

Question 26

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 26

Hypothalamus is a key player for hormone actions because it serves to communicate messages from the body to the pituitary gland

Question 27

What are the primary endocrine glands?

Answer 27

the hypothalamus, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and reproductive glands

Question 28

What does the pitituary gland do?

Answer 28

The pituitary gland controls the functions of many other endocrine glands

Question 29

What does insulin do?

Answer 29

Insulin functions like a train heading to specific destinations. Glucose molecules are the passengers on the train, and the bloodstream functions as the railroad tracks. Without the train (insulin) and the railroad tracks (bloodstream), the passengers (glucose) could not reach their destinations (liver, muscle, and fat cells).

Question 30

What does glucagon do?

Answer 30

it stimulates the liver to convert its glycogen stores back into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream

Question 31

What does the adrenal gland release?

Answer 31

adrenal glands, when stimulated, release catecholamines and cortisol

Question 32

What are 2 catecholamines?

Answer 32

two catecholamines—epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine—are hormones produced by the adrenal glands

Question 33

Define

anabolic

Answer 33

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.

tissue-building

Question 34

What is insulin-like growth factors (IGF)?

Answer 34

IGF is released from the liver and is responsible for protein synthesis, fat metabolism, growth, and development

Question 35

What does the term “endocrine” mean?

Answer 35

Endocrine = hormones secreting

Question 36

What does cortisol do?

Answer 36

Break down of fats and proteins during exercise

Question 37

What can high levels of cortisol cause?

Answer 37

• overtraining
• stress
• poor sleep
• inadequate nutrition