Section 2: Client Relations and Behavioral Coaching

Question 1

Adherence

Answer 1

The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action.

Question 2

Sport and exercise psychology

Answer 2

focuses on aspects such as understanding participants’ motives and barriers to physical activity, ways the environment affects exercise behavior, social influences on exercise, psychological benefits of exercise, and the psychological factors that affect long-term exercise adherence.

Question 3

Common barriers to exercise

Answer 3

lack of time, unrealistic goals, lack of social support,
social physique anxiety, lack of convenience, and ambivalence, but all barriers can be either eliminated or minimized with some basic strategies that provide realistic solutions or alternatives

Question 4

How can lack of time be minimized?

Answer 4

improving time management and reevaluating daily priorities

Question 5

Effects of setting unrealistic goals

Answer 5

can become a barrier to exercise, therefore, the fitness professional should assist clients with setting appropriate outcome and process goals

Question 6

Social physique anxiety

Answer 6

people feeling anxious about how others perceive their bodies and can be a barrier to exercise participation. Helping clients find activities that reduce this type of anxiety will help create a comfortable exercise environment.

Question 7

How can the perception barrier of exercise be overcome?

Answer 7

making the exercise experience as appealing as possible, both by providing excellent customer service in clean facilities and by helping clients find ways to exercise outside of a fitness facility

Question 8

When does ambivalence to exercise occur?

Answer 8

when someone has mixed feelings about exercise and likely sees pros and cons to participation

Question 9

Social influences on exercise

Answer 9

can come from other people, the internet, or the environment; these influences can lead people both toward and away from exercise

Question 10

Social support

Answer 10

consists of a source (who or what provides it) and a type (instrumental, emotional, informational, and companionship), and clients will have different needs and expectations of social support

Question 11

Instrumental support

Answer 11

describes the actual actions of a person that help another person engage in a behavior

includes the tangible things that assist people with the ability to exercise, such as providing transportation to a fitness facility, assisting with childcare, or packing someone’s gym bag

Question 12

Emotional support

Answer 12

comes from being caring, empathetic, and concerned about someone’s experience with exercise

Question 13

What does showing empathy include?

Answer 13

the ability to relate to the way another person feels or views a situation

Question 14

Informational support

Answer 14

one of the main reasons why someone will seek out a fitness professional; it includes providing accurate and current information about fitness and exercise

Question 15

Companionship support

Answer 15

when someone exercises with another person

Question 16

Group influences on exercise

Answer 16

the influence held by other people over whether or
not someone exercises and can come from family members, parents, exercise leaders,
exercise groups, or the surrounding community

Question 17

Parental influence vs instrumental support

Answer 17

Parental influence is important for children and adolescents, whereas instrumental support
is often cited as the most influential type of support

Question 18

What are the responsibility of the exercise leader?

Answer 18

sets the tone of the class and is responsible for creating an inviting and
inclusive exercise environment

Question 19

exercise groups

Answer 19

Once formed, exercise groups often feel distinct from others and can lead to additional
accountability and encouragement

Question 20

How does the community influences exercise?

Answer 20

by the safety level of the exercise environment and the
number of opportunities for exercise, which includes sidewalks, green spaces, playgrounds,
and walking trails.

Question 21

Self-efficacy

Answer 21

one of the strongest determinants of physical activity in adults; most coaching efforts are directed at increasing a person’s self-efficacy

Question 22

How should program design be based on?

Answer 22

the clients’ abilities and should address their health concerns and goals

Question 23

Planning and self-monitoring

Answer 23

are essential techniques in developing a self-regulatory strategy to improve self-efficacy

Question 24

Affective judgments and subjective norms

Answer 24

can impact a person’s readiness to perform resistance training

Question 25

What does the stages of change include?

Answer 25

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and
maintenance

CPTs should assess a client’s stage of change and promote competency in exercise.

Question 26

Active listening

Answer 26

refers to having a genuine interest in understanding the client’s health and
fitness goals. It involves asking appropriate questions, avoiding distractions and inner
dialogue, and providing appropriate feedback

Question 27

Motivational interviewing

Answer 27

a style of coaching that is used to enhance intrinsic motivation
for change. CPTs can use some techniques from motivational interviewing, such as developing a discrepancy between a client’s current state and ideal state, promoting change talk, and assessing readiness, willingness, and perceived ability to change.

Question 28

Behavioral coach training

Answer 28

BCTs are used to enhance the determinants of behavior. CPTs may use any number of strategies to enhance a client’s confidence, motivation, or self-regulation skills through planning, self-monitoring, and goal setting

Question 29

Cognitive strategies that can help change behaviors

Answer 29

positive self-talk, imagery, and the practice of psyching up before activity

Question 30

SMART goals

Answer 30

Goals that clients set should be SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely. Clients should also focus on both process goals and outcome goals.

For the best outcomes, clients should determine long-term bigger goals, then develop a series of smaller goals that help drive progress to the main goal

Question 31

Self-monitoring

Answer 31

Observing, measuring, and evaluating one’s own behavior, often in the form of a diary or log

Question 32

Decisional balance

Answer 32

Reflects the clients’ weighing of the pros and cons of changing

Question 33

Amotivation

Answer 33

Describes when someone is not motivated to engage in an activity or behavior

Question 34

Motivation

Answer 34

intensity and direction of someone’s effort, whereas intensity refers to the amount of effort expended, and direction refers to whether or not someone seeks out a behavior

plays a role in the types of exercise that people seek out

Validated surveys are available that can be distributed to help clients objectively identify motives. One of these surveys is the Exercise Motivation Inventory-2

Question 35

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 35

strongly rooted in the self-determination theory, which is a commonly used theory of behavioral change. It proposes that people will implement change when they feel
(1) competent, which is mastering tasks or skills;
(2) a sense of belonging to other people, which is referred to as relatedness; and
(3) a sense of autonomy, which is feeling a sense of control over their actions and goals

Question 36

How to identify specific barriers that clients have that they may be unsure of?

Answer 36

ask them to keep a log of how their time is spent over the course of a week. This will help identify their average sleep patterns and time dedicated to working, childcare, household chores, meal preparation, exercise, and leisure activities, such as watching television, spending time on a computer, reading, or just relaxing. By seeing a snapshot of an average week, it becomes easier to identify areas of improvement for time management so that priorities like exercise are always on the schedule

Question 37

outcome goals vs process goals

Answer 37

fitness professional has the expertise to assist clients with setting realistic outcome goals, such as appropriate body fat reduction or strength increases, but it is also important to set realistic and achievable process goals, like being physically active for a certain number of days per week or reaching a certain number of active minutes each day

Question 38

recognized components for effective leadership

Answer 38

the leader’s qualities, leadership styles, situational factors, and follower’s qualities

Question 39

Psychological benefits of exercise

Answer 39

promotes positive mood, improves self-esteem and body image, and improves sleep

Question 40

What is technique imagery?

Answer 40

When individuals mentally rehearse their technique

Question 41

What is psyching up?

Answer 41

The process to get oneself into a state of psychological readiness for performance

Psyching up develops the internal dialogue clients already use to get excited and motivated for other situations in their lives

Question 42

What is the reverse listing technique?

Answer 42

Replacing negative statements with positive statements

Question 43

What is the stopping technique?

Answer 43

The act of saying “stop” out loud to undesired statements