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Biology > Section 3: a) (Plant) Reproduction > Flashcards

Section 3: a) (Plant) Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the male part of a flower called and what parts does it consist of?

A

The male part of the flower is called the stamen and it consists of the anther and filament.

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2
Q

What is the female part of the flower called and what parts does it consist of?

A

The female part of the flower is called the carpel and it consists of the stigma, style and ovary.

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3
Q

Where is the male gamete made and where is it found?

A

The male gamete is made in the anther and is found inside the pollen grain.

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4
Q

Where is the female gamete found and what is called?

A

The female gamete is found in the ovary and is called an ovule.

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5
Q

What is the function of the petals?

A

Petals attract insects to the flower. Some even have guide marks that act as landing strips for the insects, guiding them in towards the nectary.

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6
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

It produces the pollen, which contains the male sex cell or gamete.

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7
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

It holds the anther up so that pollen can be rubbed onto visiting insects.

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8
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

This is part of the female reproductive organs and is where pollen lands.

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9
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

It holds up the stigma and is the path down which the pollen grows a tube to carry the male gamete to the ovule.

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10
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

It contains the ovules.

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11
Q

What is the function of the ovules?

A

These are the eggs, also known as the female gametes.

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12
Q

What is the function of the nectary?

A

It produces a sugary solution called nectar, that attracts insects.

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13
Q

What is the function of the sepals?

A

They are usually green and are used to protect the flower when in bed.

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14
Q

What is the function of the stamen?

A

It is the male part of the flower made from the anther and the filament.

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15
Q

What is the function of the carpel?

A

It is the female part of the flower, made from the stigma, style and ovary.

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16
Q

What is pollination?

A

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther to the female stigma of a flower. There are two mechanisms for pollination: insect and wind pollination.

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17
Q

Name three flowers that are insect-pollinated.

A

Magnolias, aster, lithops

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18
Q

Give an example of a type of plant that is wind-pollinated.

A

Dandelions

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19
Q

How are the petals adapted for fertilisation in insect-pollinated plants?

A

They are large and brightly-coloured to attract insects.

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20
Q

How are the petals adapted for fertilisation in wind-pollinated plants?

A

They are small and often dull green or brown as there is no need to attract insects.

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21
Q

How is the nectary adapted for fertilisation in insect-pollinated plants?

A

It has nectar to attract insects.

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22
Q

How is the nectary adapted for fertilisation in wind-pollinated plants?

A

It has no nectar as there is no need to attract insects.

23
Q

How is the scent of the flower adapted for fertilisation in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Insect-pollinated plants are usually scented to attract insects.

24
Q

How is the scent of the flower adapted for fertilisation in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Wind-pollinated plants have no scent as there is no need to attract insects.

25
Q

How is the stigma adapted for fertilisation in insect-pollinated plants?

A

The stigma is inside the flower and is sticky so that pollen grains stick to it when an insect brushes past.

26
Q

How is the stigma adapted for fertilisation in wind-pollinated plants?

A

The stigma is outside the flower and is feathery in order to form a network to catch drifting pollen grains.

27
Q

How is the stamen adapted for fertilisation in insect-pollinated plants?

A

The stamen is inside the flower (within the petals) to maximise exposure of pollen from the anther to animals.

28
Q

How is the stamen adapted for fertilisation in wind-pollinated plants?

A

The stamen is outside the flower (it has a longer filament with reduced petals), exposing anthers to wind and maximising the pollen moved.

29
Q

Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

A

Self-pollination is the process of transferring the pollen grains from the anther to the stigma in the same flower.
Whereas, cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower in a different plant of same or different species.

30
Q

Why is it preferable for a plant to encourage cross-pollination rather than self-pollination?

A

Cross-pollination is better than self-pollination as it creates genetic variation in the offspring, increasing the chance of survival in a changing environment or in adverse conditions.

31
Q

What stimulates the pollen tube to grow?

A

A pollen grain landing on the stigma of a flower of the correct species.

32
Q

Why do pollen grains only produce tubes in flowers of their own species?

A

They can have chemical signals specific for cells in the same species. Also, pollen grains can be too large to fit down the stigma and go down the style.

33
Q

How does the pollen tube grow down through the style?

A

It releases enzymes that digest a pathway through the style.

34
Q

How does the male gamete in flowers differ to the animal male gamete?

A

Sperm cells can swim whereas pollen grains can’t move.

35
Q

When does fertilisation occur?

A

When the male gamete fuses with the female gamete in the ovary.

36
Q

Describe what happens after the pollen tube has entered the ovule and how seeds and fruits form.

A

After the pollen tube has entered the ovule, it fuses with the female gamete (ovule) and fertilises it. The ovule then develops into a seed. Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes dormant because metabolic reactions stop. The ovary develops into fruit.

37
Q

Why do seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent plant?

A

In order to reduce competition for space, light, nutrients and water.

38
Q

What are the four mechanisms for seed dispersal?

A

Wind, water, mechanical and animals

39
Q

What seed dispersal mechanism does a lupin use and how is it adapted to suit the mechanism?

A

Mechanical-It dries unevenly and splits open with force shooting the seeds outwards.

40
Q

What seed dispersal mechanism does a blackberry use and how is it adapted to suit the mechanism?

A

Animals (inside)-Animals and birds eats its tasty and brightly-coloured flesh and excrete stones & pips to form new plants.

41
Q

What seed dispersal mechanism does a burdock use and how is it adapted to suit the mechanism?

A

Animals (outside)-It has hooks to which the seeds are attached. These hooks easily get caught in the fur of passing animals and they fall off.

42
Q

What seed dispersal mechanism does a sycamore use and how is it adapted to suit the mechanism?

A

Wind-Its seeds have lightweight parts/wings/parachutes that enable them to get transported easily over long distances by the wind.

43
Q

What seed dispersal mechanism does a coconut use and how is it adapted to suit the mechanism?

A

Water-The seed (coconut) floats due to an internal air cavity and its waterproof case protects the internal seed. It is drifted on ocean currents.

44
Q

What is germination and what conditions are needed for germination?

A

Germination is the process where a seed begins to grow (into a plant). The three conditions needed for germination are oxygen (air), warmth and moisture.

45
Q

Name the parts of a seed and state what each part is.

A

Cotyledons-Food stores/reserves, Plumule-Embryo shoot, Radicle-Embryo root, Testa-Tough seed coat, Micropyle-Hole made by pollen tube

46
Q

Why is the radicle the first part to grow out of the seed?

A

It needs to absorb more water.

47
Q

Why is it important for water to enter the seed?

A

It activates enzymes and also softens the testa to allow it to split.

48
Q

What do the enzymes do once they are activated?

A

The enzymes break down starch into maltose and then glucose. The glucose is then used in respiration to provide energy for growth.

49
Q

What is meant by the term dry mass?

A

Dry mass is the mass of solid matter with all water removed.

50
Q

How do germinating seeds use food stores before they can photosynthesise and how does this affect the dry mass?

A

As the seedling cannot photosynthesise yet, it uses up starch stores in the cotyledons, causing it to lose weight; the dry mass decreases. When the seedling can photosynthesise, it increases in weight and the plant grows; the dry mass increases.

51
Q

How can plants reproduce asexually using natural methods?

A

Using runners (fast-growing stems that grow out sideways, just above the ground).

52
Q

How can plants reproduce asexually using artificial methods?

A

Using cuttings

53
Q

In an experiment to investigate the conditions needed for germination, what could be done to make your results more reliable?

A

Carry out several sets of the experiment and calculate the average of all the results.

Biology (10 decks)

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