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Social Science 23-24 > Section 3 > Flashcards

Section 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

IBM and American Airlines uses SAGE technology for flight reservations
1000 travel agents, 50 locations, 2 IBM 7090 CPUs

A

SABRE

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2
Q

Programs on punch cards
Program output printed on paper

A

Batch-oriented computing

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3
Q

Interaction between computer and operator in real time

A

Interactive computing

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4
Q

Air Force commissions Servomechanisms Lab at MIT to build a flight simulator.
Core memory system, cathode-ray tube display screen, printer.

A

Project Whirlwind

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5
Q

IBM uses this technology in two AN/FSQ-7 computers with cathode-ray tube consoles
Air defense system

A

SAGE

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6
Q

Multiple keyboard terminals can access a central computer at the same time.
Idea by John McCarthy, developed by Fernando Corbato

A

Timesharing

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7
Q

Uses are allocated part of the directory to store data.
Users cannot access others data.
Users type commands onto teletype keyboards.
Supports up to 30 users.

A

CTSS

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8
Q

Early development of:
- “escape” and “control” keys.
- text editors.
- email messaging.

A

CTSS

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9
Q

Dartmouth professors Kemeny and E. Kurtz sought to make computer programming more accessible because FORTRAN was very difficult.

A

BASIC programming language

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10
Q

Invented in 1964 by Kemeny and E. Kurtz.
- Interpreted language, not compiled
- The program runs one line at a time
- Quick feedback
- Teletype input and output

A

BASIC

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11
Q

Computer that was popular for timesharing programs.

A

General Electric 235

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12
Q

MIT invented this to replace CTSS. Delayed due to development

A

Multics

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13
Q

Slow, buggy, over-engineered.
Too complex – tried to do too much. Could only support up to 25 users, even with the GE 645.

A

Multics

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14
Q

Founded by MIT engineer Kenneth Olsen. Pioneered the PDP series here.

A

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

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15
Q

Transistors and core memory.
Cost $125,000.
Did not offer apps, software, or marketing

A

PDP-1

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16
Q

Cost $18,000.
Size of a refrigerator (aka a minicomputer).
Repurposed in the original equipment manufacturer industry.

A

PDP-8

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17
Q

Over 170,00 units sold.
Used RSTS-11 timesharing system.
Used modified form of BASIC.
Support C and the Unix OS.

A

PDP-11

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18
Q

Invented the C programming language.

A

Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie

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19
Q

Minimalist design with both high and low-level access.
Could run on any computer with a C compiler.
Fast and powerful.

A

Unix OS

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20
Q

Commonly used in universities.
Students who learned this OS got jobs.
Infiltrated the business world.

A

Unix OS

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21
Q

Director of the Information Processing Techniques Office.
Developed the foundations of networking in 1963.

A

J.C.R Licklider

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22
Q

Proposed store and forward packet switching based on nineteenth-century telegram networks.

A

Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran, and Donald Davis

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23
Q

Expanded from 4-100 nodes. Popularized electronic mail. U.S government sponsored networking program.

A

ARPANET

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24
Q

Rules about connected computer systems.
Each host could connect to ARPANET directly.

A

TCP/IP

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25
Q

An agreement on how data is formatted, encoded and transmitted.

A

Protocol

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26
Q

Non-ARPANET universities founded this in 1980. Notable for email and newsgroups.

A

Usenet

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27
Q

Early form of social media/online forums

A

Newsgroups

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28
Q

Founded by CUNY with access to IBM mainframe.

A

Bitnet

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29
Q

Merger of BITNET and CS Net.
Larger and better-funded than ARPANET.
Commercialized in the 1990s.

A

NSFNET

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30
Q

The United States’ government’s Advanced Respearch Projects Agency network.

A

ARPANET

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31
Q

Developed in France during the 1970-1980s. Used a display screen and keyboard.

A

Minitel

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32
Q

Could search phone numbers, read news, order train tickets, check weather, and access to 1000+ online services.

A

Minitel

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33
Q

Invented the first wireless computer in Hawaii.

A

Norm Abramson

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34
Q

Packet-switching network transmitted via radio.

A

ALOHAnet

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35
Q

Market leader in copy machines. Patents expired in the 1970s. Company invested in developing computer technologies.

A

XEROX PARC

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36
Q

Managed Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center

A

Robert Taylor

37
Q

A dedicated machine for one user. PARC wanted to mass-produce individual devices.

A

Personal computer (PC)

38
Q

Bitmapped screen displaying text and images. Keyboard and mouse.

A

The ALTO

39
Q

Uses laser beams to control ink placement. Print text and images precisely

A

Laser printer

40
Q

Earliest version of these computers could not share data with others.

A

ALTO

41
Q

PARC researcher developes Ethernet

A

Robert Metcalfe

42
Q

Computers transmit data through cables

A

Ethernet

43
Q

The first graphical user interface based word processor. Made by the PARC team.

A

BRAVO

44
Q

Program for the BRAVO. What you see is what you get.

A

WYSIWYG

45
Q

Fonts, Images, layout on the Bravo program called

A

WYSIWIG (features)

46
Q

PARC researcher who developed the programming language Smalltalk.

A

Alan Kay

47
Q

Uses object-oriented programming developed by Alan Kay.

A

Smalltalk

48
Q

Commercial version of the Alto, released in 1981

A

Xerox Star

49
Q

Cost $16,000
Sluggish hardware and limited software
GUI with accessible onscreen icons

A

Xerox Star

50
Q

Stopped selling computers in the 80s

A

Xerox

51
Q

Developed the microprocessor at Intel.

A

Ted Hoff

52
Q

Debuted in 1971. Developed by Ted Hoff. Microprocessor

A

4004 microprocessor

53
Q

Startup MITS develops this in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1974. Cost less than $400.

A

Altair 8800

54
Q

Intel 8080 chip, 256 bytes of memory, no input/output, manually load programs through switches, expansion cards added memory and functionality.

A

Altair 8800

55
Q

Made by Radio Shack.
Sold in large network of stores.
Earned the nickname “trash” because of its poor performance.

A

TRS-80

56
Q

Keyboard, monitor, and cassette tape.
Calculator-style keyboard.
Commodore 64 was the best-selling desktop PC ever.

A

Commodore PET

57
Q

Designed by Steve Wozniak.
Apple’s first mass-produced computer.
Color graphics

A

Apple II

58
Q

Ports of text-based games.
Ex. “Adventure”

A

Early games

59
Q

Modified arcade games.
Ex. “Centipede”

A

PC games

60
Q

Written by wiring microchips.
Ex. “Breakout”

A

Custom computers

61
Q

VisiCalc co-creator who developed the first computerized spreadsheet.

A

Daniel Bricklin

62
Q

First computerized spreadsheet

A

VisiCalc

63
Q

A feature that is indispensable or far superior to other products.

A

Killer app

64
Q

VisiCalc was a killer app on the

A

Apple II

65
Q

Designed as a specialized computer for word processing.
Contained keyboard, monitor, and microprocessor.
Stored documents on a centralized server.
Popular with businesses into the 1980s.

A

Wang OIS

66
Q

Word processing softwares that outperformed WangOIS.

A

WordStar, WordPerfect

67
Q

Developed a PC (personal computer) for IBM

A

William C. Lowe

68
Q

Wanted to use premade parts to accelerate the process of IBM’s PC.

A

William C. Lowe

69
Q

IBM PC Parts

A

Intel 8088 chip, Microsoft BASIC, Microsoft OS

70
Q

Offered to provide Microsoft OS to IBM despite not yet having it to sell.

A

Bill Gates

71
Q

Worked for Seattle Computer Products.
Wrote QDOS “quick and dirty operating system”

A

Tim Paterson

72
Q

Microsoft purchased QDOS and called it

A

MS-DOS

73
Q

Hit the market in 1981 and attracted large sales.

A

IBM’s PC

74
Q

Smaller screen, 3 1/2 inch floppy disk drive, no expansion slots, 128 kilobytes of memory. Apple Computer.

A

Macintosh

75
Q

Portable, non-threatening appearance. Affordable. Apple Computer

A

Macintosh

76
Q

Famous commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl. Women disrupts IBM’s stifling.

A

Apple commercial

77
Q

Communicates between software and a computer’s operating system. IBM copyrighted this, so people who used IBM’s code could be sued.

A

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

78
Q

Made a BIOS with the same output as IBM.
Sold its own IBM-compatible computers at a lower price than IBM’s real PCs.

A

Compaq

79
Q

Sold copies of its reverse engineered BIOS.

A

Phoenix Technologies

80
Q

Computer companies who reverse engineered IBM’s BIOS.

A

Dell Computer Corporation, Phoenix Technologies, Compaq

81
Q

Five years after its introduction, over half of PCs were

A

clones of IBM machines.

82
Q

At the end of the 1990s,

A

operating systems were developing rapidly.

83
Q

Based on timeshared minicomputers and the CP/M operating system (used in business)

A

Microsoft’s software

84
Q

Not equipped to use a “point and click” GUI style.

A

MS-DOS

85
Q

Create a new OS with a GUI, better performance, would have to rewrite existing software applications. Implementing this OS was slow and buggy.

A

Windows 1.0

86
Q

Create a GUI to run on top of MS-DOS. Make the computer run slower. Old applications would still be functional. Technically superior, but not very popular.

A

OS/2

87
Q

Microsoft and IBM launched this OS in 1987.

A

OS/2

88
Q

High acclaimed upon its release in 1990.
Similar to Apple’s GUI
Enhanced Intel 80386
Overlapping windows
Multimedia Applications

A

Windows 3.0

Social Science 23-24 (12 decks)

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