Section 3 Flashcards
1
Q
When selecting appropriate materials for a project list some criteria materials may be selected for.
A
Structural Strength, Climate Performance, Fire Resistance, Finish, Durability, Origin, Health and Environment Impact.
2
Q
Describe Value Engineering
A
Providing the Same function for less Money. Can either improve the function or reduce the cost.
3
Q
Loads that Structural Design is concerned with?
A
Dead, Live, Dynamic, Environmental
4
Q
Elements of a Building that Structural Design is responsible for?
A
Foundations, Walls, Beams, Roofs, Columns
5
Q
How do Long Columns Fail, How do Short Columns Fail?
A
Buckling, Crushing
6
Q
What is considered a Dead Load
A
Weight of Member (Self Load), Weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be supported by the member, the weight of partitions, the weight of permanent equipment and the vertical load due to earth, plants and trees. (From NBC 4.1.5.3.)
7
Q
What natural occurrences are considered dynamic loads?
A
Wind, Earthquake (seismic)
8
Q
Describe a Cantilever Beam?
A
A projected beam or other structural member projecting from a fixed point.
9
Q
Describe the purpose of an Expansion Joints and potential use cases?
A
Buildings Abutting one another, large buildings that are “cut” into smaller pieces, Intersection of buiding “wings” - Any place where a singular material will be exposed to differential loading or settlement. OR “Allow movement occur between elements” CHING 3.19
10
Q
Name the three types of joints that may be employed within a construction project.
A
Expansion (isolation) Joints, Construction Joints, Control Joints
11
Q
Describe the purpose of a Control Joint
A
A control joints create lines of weakness so that cracking that may result from tensile stresses occurs along predetermined lines.
12
Q
Describe the purpose of a Construction Joint
A
The line that occurs as a result of the construction process allowing for the construction sequence to stop and begin again at a later time. Can be used effectively as expansion or control joints.
13
Q
When deciding on structural materials, how do concrete, wood, and steel perform against structural forces (Compression, Tension)
A
Concrete only resists compression, Wood Resists tension, Steel can resist both.
14
Q
What are the components of a concrete mix?
A
Sand, Gravel, Cement water and any additives.
15
Q
List the types of steel members.
A
Flat Bar, Angle, Round, Hexagon, Plate, Channel, Wife Flange Beam, Standard Beam, Square Tubing, Round Tubing, Tee Bar, Half Round, Half oval, Champfer Bar, Rebar
16
Q
What ways is steel able to be connected?
A
Welding, Screwing, Bolting
17
Q
General Rules of Thumb for percentage of steel within concrete beams and columns.
A
Concrete Beams generally are 4% steel, and Columns are 6%
18
Q
General Rule of Thumb for length of a beam VS the Beams Height
A
Generally the depth of Beams are 10% of their Length.
19
Q
List the forms of Concrete Construction
A
Cast In Place, Pre Cast, Tilt up Concrete walls, Pre-Stressed Concrete, Post-Stressed Concrete
20
Q
Within a Concrete beam, where is steel placed to opposed the tension forces?
A
The Bottom of the beam.
21
Q
Explain the difference between a Stack Vent and Vent Stack.
A
Vent stack is provided to fixtures as a means of venting them. Stack vent is a means to provide ventilation to SOIL STACK, Stack vent is wet, and can serve multiple w/c. Vent stack individually supplies a singular fixture.
22
Q
What is a Wet vent and where may it be located?
A
A wet vent is a vent pipe that is also used as wastewater pipe. It may be used for fixtures such as sinks.
23
Q
What is the typically provided pressure of water provided to buildings?
A
50 psi, when less is provided may require additional pumps to provide necessary service.
24
Q
What are the 3 main ways to provide heating to a building?
A
Forced Air, Water Pipe Heating, Radiant Heating.
25
What are the advantages of the Forced Air System?
Additional Ventillation is not necessary, Most common and accessible.
26
In Fan coil systems, explain the difference between a two-pipe and four-pipe system?
A two pipe system has a singular supply and singular return that provides either hot or cold water from the boiler and chiller as necessary, a four pipe system has a separate supply and return pipe for the boiler and chiller.
27
HVAC Distribution, compare and contrast a central system or a localized system.
28
What is the difference between Single Duct, Constant Air Volume vs Single Duct Variable Duct System?
VAV system has independently controlled mixing boxes that allow for different temperature zones throughout a building vs constant air as provided by CAV system.
29
Explain how a Double Duct system works?
Separate Hot and Cold supply Ducts that mix air in a VAV box before supplying air
30
Explain a Multi Zone Mechanical System
Separate supply and return ducts for each provided zone.
31
What is the commonly used slope of Sanitary Drainage Pipes?
1:100 for pipes smaller than 3" 1:50 for Pipes Larger than 3"
32
Explain the Principle of a Heat Recovery Ventilator?
Warm Stale air is mixed (through dual chamber filter) with fresh cold air from outside, the resulting fresh air is warmed and brought into the house and the stale air is ejected from the building. THE HEAT FROM STALE AIR IS USED TO WARM FRESH AIR SUPPLIED TO BUILDING BEFORE STALE AIR IS EXHAUSTED OUT OF BUILDING
33
What building elements is the Electrical Engineer Responsible for?
Lighting, Light Fixtures and Power Supply, Fire Alarm System, Communication and Security Systems, Automation, Controls and Sensors.
34
Name the Primary types of Sprinkler Systems
Wet and Dry Pipe
35
Describe the purpose of a siamese connection
For the Firefighting crew to supply a building with Water, One side is for the standpipe system, the other is to supplement the sprinkler system.
36
What material is the Sanitary Drainage system constructed out of?
Cast Iron OR Plastic
37
List materials that can be used as fire stopping.
Firestop Products - Mineral wool, intumescent sealant or paint, silicone, acrylic sealant, spray-applied fireproofing, mortar, foam, collars, wrap strip putty pads, inserts, putty, pillows/blocks, sleeves, composite sheets
38
What is the purpose of fire stopping and when should it be used?
To Stop the passage of fire and smoke, It should be placed anywhere openings or penetrations penetrate a fire-rated separated assembly.
39
What are the two types of drainage systems that may be required in a building project?
Sanitary and Storm. Storm Only when required by municipality.
40
Describe the effects of Air leaks in an Assembly?
Air leaks are the primary loss of heat within an enclosed space, by providing a continuous air barrier can save energy. Air Barriers are meant to prevent unwanted air exchanges which result in efficiencies.
41
What materials can make up the air barrier?
Air Barriers can be
Mechanically fastened sheets of high density polyethylene HDPE fibres, also known as building wrap.
Liquid Applied membranes either rolled or sprayed onto exterior sheathing
Medium Density sprayed polyutherane foam
Self Adhered rubberized asphalt sheets
Rigid Insualtion Boards
Well-sealed gypsum board
42
What must be done to ensure the air barrier is effective?
It must be continuous.
43
In what scenario does one need waterproofing vs damp proofing?
When the elevation of the water table is high compared to the relative level of construction. In locations where hydrostatic pressure may be high.
44
Where is Vapour Barrier Located?
Warm Side of the insulation.
45
What is the purpose of Vapour Barrier
To prevent water vapour from entering into a wall assembly and condensing into liquid water when it meets cool air.
46
Describe the concept of a rain screen system.
A method of cladding an exterior wall that allows water to travel through it as a means of preventing water from penetrating deeper into the wall assembly.
47
What forms does insulation come in?
Batt, Loose Fill, Rigid, Semi-Rigid, Spray Foam/Foamed In-Place
48
How do you convert R-Value to RSI.
Divide by 5.678, to convert RSI to R-Value MULTIPLY by 5.678
48
Describe the concerns of the Dew Point in relation to Wall Assembly.
The point/temperature within a wall that water vapour turns into water. The dew point is a relative temperature inside a wall assembly that travels as the difference in exterior and interior temperature changes.
49
Can a singular material be both air barrier and Vapour Barrier?
Yes, technically Polyethylene can perform both duties but the installation of the air barrier is more critical than the vapour barrier, but when a singular material performs both, the strict conditions of air barrier installation must be applied.
50
What is STC?
Sound Transmission Class, it is the measure of an assemblies ability to reduce the amount of Sound (Decibels) that transfer through it.
51
What criteria should you consider when selecting carpets?
Are they Recyclable? Reusable/ Renewable? Durable? Green materials, and Identifying green rating systems?
52
What are the components of a PROJECT MANUAL?
Bidding Requirements, Contract Forms, Contract Conditions, Specifications
53
What are the components of the BIDDING DOCUMENTS?
Bidding Requirements, Contract Forms, Contract Conditions, Specifications, Drawings and Addendum
54
What are the components of the CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS?
Bidding Requirements, Contract Forms, Contract Conditions, Specifications, Drawings, Addendum, Contract modifications
55
What drawings are required in a set of WORKING DRAWINGS?
Site Plan, Code Compliance, Statistics, Floor Plans, Reflected ceiling Plans, Elevations, Sections, Wall Sections, Stair sections Plans and Details, Details, Schedules, and any other specific Drawings Required.
56
What are the components of the CONTRACT DOCUMENTS?
Contract Forms, Contract Conditions, Specifications, Drawings, Addendum, Contract Modifications
57
as per ccdc2 what elements of contract documents take precedence?
Specifications take precedence over drawings in case of conflicting information. Addenda take precedence over Construction Documents (New information governs) Contract modifications take precedence over construction documents.
58
Three types of Specifying
Proprietary (describes specific products by name), Prescriptive (Describes means and methods for achieving desired result), Performance (outlines criteria of a desired result).
59
What is MasterFormat Division 00 for?
Procurement and Contracting Requirements
60
Division 01 for?
General Conditions
61
Division 02 for?
Existing Conditions
62
Division 03 for?
Concrete
63
Division 04 for?
Masonry
64
Division 05 for?
Metals
65
Division 06 for?
Woods, Plastics, Composites
66
Division 07 for?
Thermal and Moisture Protection
67
Division 08 for?
Openings
68
Division 09 for?
Finished
69
Division 10 for?
Specialties
70
Division 11 for?
Equipment
71
Division 12 for?
Furnishings
72
Division 13 for?
Special Construction
73
Division 14 for?
Conveying Equipment
74
Division 21 for?
Fire Suppression
75
Division 22 for?
Plumbing
76
Division 23 for?
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
77
Division 25 for?
Integrated Automations
78
Division 26 for?
Electrical
79
Division 27 for?
Communications
80
Division 28 for?
Electronic Safety and Security
81
Division 31 for?
Earthworks
82
Division 32 for?
Exterior Improvements
83
Division 33 for?
Transportation
84
Division 35 for?
Waterway and Marine Construction
85
Division 42 for?
Process Heating and Cooling Equipment
86
Division 44 for?
Pollution and Waste Control
87
Division 45 for?
Industry Specific Manufacturing Equipment
88
Division 46 for?
Water and Wastewater Equipment
89
Division 48 for?
Electrical Power Generation
90
List components of Uniformat
A (Substructure) B(Shell) C(Interiors) D(Services) E (Equipment and Furnishings) F (Special Construction) G (Building Site Work) Z (General)
91
What is the difference between the function of post-tension and pre-tension within concrete.
The result is the same but the method to achieve the result its what is different. By providing extra tension, the slab actually contains a curve opposite the direction of the vertical loading, and once loaded flattens out. Pre, the tension is loaded before pouring of concrete, Post tension, is after it is cured.
92
What is the difference between a fire block and a fire stop?
Fire block is a solid material to prevent smoke and fire spread. Fire stop is provided around penetrations and openings to fill small gaps that may allow for the passage of fire and smoke.
93
Give an example of the application of predictive climate data in the design process?
Designing Buildings that can be adapted to local weather conditions, orientation to control amount of sunlight a building receives throughout the year, Used alongside other factors to apply components of the NBC and NECB, Can be used to determine optimal orientation, materials, and HVAC design.
94
Why are Buildings concerned with sustainability?
To limit humanity's impact on the environment, minimize negative environmental impact, minimize operation of building and impacts on the environment.
95
How do climate change risks impact design? (Resilience)
A new set of risks that need to be included in the pre design. Systems must have a built in level of redundancy to provide back ups solution in extreme events. These events cover a vast array of scenarios. Event to consider are extreme weather, sea level rise, changing precipitation, wildfires, health impacts and economic impacts.
96
What is Life Cycle Analysis?
Process that studies effects of buildings on the environment during their complete life cycle through all stages. A:Construction B:Use C: End of Life D: External Impacts
97
What are the benefits of Life Cycle Analysis
Can better understand the relationship between design decisions on the environmental impacts throughout the course of a buildings life. What in-substantive decisions can lead to immense savings over a buildings life.
98
What two types of Carbon must be considered to evaluate net emissions of a project?
Embodied Carbon, Operational Carbon
99
what is operational carbon?
The measure of carbon emissions, including Refrigerants in order to maintain and operate a building. Fossil fuels can be substituted with cleaner fuel sources like biogas, biomass, solar, wind, hydro or other low carbon source.
100
How can operational Carbon be reduced?
Passive Design, Heat recovery, Airtight high insulated envelope, Renewable energies, Controls and metering, Water efficiency, Management plans and training
101
How can you reduce embodied carbon?
Monitoring what products are used within building, using less concrete, using Portland Limestone cement as subsistute for cement, using recycled or low-carbon steel, use mass timber for buildings less that 12-storeys
102
How can design address occupant wellness?
Design for natural lighting and ventilation, encourage physical activity, design for safety and equity, design for biophilic design (connected to nature), design with healthy low-VOC materials, high quality water and access, ergonomics and acoustics
103
Describe the purpose of green building systems
Green building systems outline a set of criteria that when followed create environmental, economic and socially responsible buildings. The rating systems will have goals and outcomes that must be met in order to receive certification. Overall buildings that meet any of the criteria are generally healthier and more environmentally responsible than the average project.
104
Describe renewable low energy systems used in the design of buildings
Photovoltaic Panels, Solar Water Heaters, Wind Turbines, Heat pumps, District Heating and Cooling, Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Seasonal Thermal Storage System, Super Insulated Walls and Triple Pane Windows. Either Provide clean energy or produce its own.
105
What is a whole building energy analysis?
Process evaluating a buildings energy performance by calculating how well the integration of the buildings form, systems and envelop perform in the surrounding environmental conditions. It provides insight into the different building systems.
106
How can the design reflect upon the outcome of a whole building energy analysis?
Optimize deisign, insulation, glazing, shading, Orientation, Find tradeoffs between u front costs and operational costs, Explore different design scenarios
107
How does life cycle analysis influence Building envelop Materials and Systems?
Can determine an envelopes least efficient or least sustainable materials used by understanding life cycle emissions and embodied energy, and can do comparative analysis. Can decide to choose more durable materials for increased longevity, compare efficiencies of types of windows, can compare insulation materials for resistance and thermal conductivity
108
What are the two types of loads a floor has to support?
Live Loads and Dead loads
109
What is the unit of Measure for Thermal Transmission?
U-Value
110
What is the measure of thermal resistance?
RSI or R-Value
111
What is Fenestration?
Areas including frames within building envelop that let light in
112
What is an opaque assembly?
Area of building except fenestration and service openings
113
Describe what a thermal Break is?
A non-conductive material that interrupts conductive heat
114
What is a thermal bridge?
A penetration of the thermal insulation by materials with lower thermal conductivity
115
Difference between Air Film and Air Barrier?
Air barrier is a materials that resits passage of air, air film is an approximation of heat exchange at air boundary of surfaces.
116
What are types of air barriers?
Building Wraps, Gypsum Wall Board, Plastic Sheets, Spray Foam, or Specialized membranes
117
What is the first step in determining a structural system?
Determining what is allowable by code depending on occupancy type.
118
How is cement manufactured?
Clay and limestone is baked in a kiln and pulverized creating cement powder.
119
How does the ratio of water to cement effect concretes strength?
More water means less compressive strength.
120
What is aggregate?
Inert mineral, sand or gravel that is added to cement to make concrete
121
What is the maximum size aggregate should be?
1/3 slab depth, 1/5 wall thickness, 3/4 the space between bars
122
What is a concrete admixture?
Anything added to concrete to change its physical properties, can be to quicken setting, colour, reduce the amount of water.
123
Examples of concrete framing systems?
Solid Slab one way and two way, One Way joist, waffle slab, one way beam and slab, two way beam and slab, two way flat plate
124
When measuring an integrated concrete beam, when determining the depth of the beam where do you measure to?
Top of slab, underside of beam
125
When the requirements for columns strength change, is it best to change column size or change the amount of steel used within it?
It is best to increase the volume of steel than to have varying column sizes.
126
Where is steel reinforcement places within concrete beams and slabs to resist tension forces?
The top or upper portion
127
What are the two methods of prestressing concrete?
Pretension and post tension
128
within structural framing what is the difference between a beam and a girder?
Girders are a type of beam connected to the inside of a wide flange beam and travel generally in the short direction, beams can rest on the girder to reduce floor height. Girders can also help with lateral stability.
129
What are some examples of standard steel
Standard (S), Wide Flange (W), Channel (C) Tubing (HSS)
130
What are the three types of steel connections?
Moment Connections, Shear Connections, Semi-Rigid Connections
131
Do shear connections require additional support for lateral bracing?
Yes, moment connections and semi-rigid connections can resist lateral
132
Describe the difference between moment and semi-rigid connections
Moment requires additional stiffener plates, and a combination of welding and bolting, semi rigid can consists of welding on its own and is generally accepted as the most aesthetic, but expensive
133
What is a K-Series OWJ
The web consists of a singular bent bar
134
What is a LH and DLH OWJ?
Increased load and spans with heavier web and chords.
135
What additional work can be done for steel decking to be able to act as a structural diaphragm and resist lateral loads?
Steel deck needs to be welded at its perimeter to steel supports
136
What are the different types of steel decking? What are the differences?
Form Decking, Composite Deck and Cellular Decking Form decking acts as concrete form and requires steel reinforcement, Composite Decking bonds with concrete and acts as steel reinforcement, Cellular decking is deck welded to flat plate to form race ways fro cabling.
137
In what direction is wood most susceptible to shrinkage
Perpendicular to grain
138
What should be considered when selecting wood structural members?
Wood Species,Structural Grade, Elasticity, allowable shear and bending, minimum deflection
139
Rule of thumb for estimating the depth of wood beam?
Span/15
140
What is the objective of a wall?
To stop the effects of rain, sun and wind, and control the passage of heat, air, sound, moisture and water vapour
141
What is the range of area of steel in a concrete column?
1% to 8%, with 4 no 5 bars minimum
142
What is the minimum coverage of steel reinforcement in concrete columns?
1.5" or 38 mm
143
What is the minimum coverage of steel reinforcement in concrete walls?
19 mm when concrete is not exposed to concrete or weather
144
Name an example of why lime would be added to a cement mortar?
In increate plasticity and water retentivity
145
What are the 5 types of Mortar?
M, S, N, O, K From highest strength to lowest
146
Describe what a cavity masonry wall is and how large the cavity may be?
Not less than 2" and not more than 4". A cavity wall consists of a double with of masonry, typically 1 wythe of CMU and a one of brick, the two layers are tied with metal ties
147
Where is horizontal reinforcement placed in reinforced concrete masonry wall?
Top of parapet, at floor and roof connections, at top of wall openings, at top of foundations.
148
What is a pilaster?
A column that projects out of/infront of a wall
149
What are the 4 main types of masonry arches
Jack arch, Gothic arch, ROman Arch, tudor arch
150
How often should movement (expansion joints) be located along a continuous wall?
30m to 38 m (100' to 125') and at changes in height, columns, wall intersections, near corners, both sides of openings larger than 6' one side of openings less than 6'
151
Describe why you might implement expansion and control joints in masonry walls?
For abosrobtion of water (expansion), and for the drying process (control)
152
What are the types of brick laying (patterns)
Stretcher (laid long way, with long face exposed), Header is a brick laid short way with short face exposed, Solider is brick laid vertically with long face exposed, rowlock is brick laid vertically with short faced exposed.
153
How much energy is lost form air leakage?
30% to 40%
154
Under what conditions will water pass through an assembly? (3)
Water must be present, Must be an opening, and must be a force to move the water. If one of these conditions are not met, the envelop will not leak
155
What are the 5 forces that can bring water into an assembly?
Gravity, momentum, surface tension, capillary action, air pressure
156
Where can an air barrier be located within an assembly?
Anywhere as long as it is continuous
157
What types of materials can make up the air barrier system?
Building Wraps, Plywood, Gyspum Board, Fluid Applied or sheet membranes in combination with sealants and taping, metal, concrete, spray foam and glass are also effective as air barriers.
158
When vapour barriers are used what should the cooler side remain?
Breathable, should never double up vapour barrier.
159
Describe how STC ratings work,
The value of the sic rating is deducted from the decibel level of sound transmission, a 80 DB sound is reduced to 25 DB by a STC 55 wall
160
What is NRC? And what's considered a good value?
Noise reduction coefficient, perfect absorption is 1, no absorption is 0
161
What is CAC?
Ceiling Attenuation Class, a measure of ceiling systems stub transmission
162
Three factors that enhance TL? (3)
Layering, Mass, Absorptive capacity
163
What effect does resilient channel have on the FIRE RATING of a wall?
It reduces it.
164
What is the order of priority for contract documentation in the case of a dispute.
1. Agreement 2. Definitions 3. supplementary conditions, 4. general conditions 5. Division 1 of Spec 6. Technical Specifications 7. Material and Finishing Schedules 8. The drawings from larges to smallest of the same date 9. Later drawings should govern ofer older drawings of same type
165
Summarize simply the relationship between drawings and specifications
Drawings reflect scope, Spec determines its quality
166
Should any design decision occur with CD stage?
No, changes can be costly, all decision should be made beforehand
167
In all cases the construction documents should be able to accomplish what?
Building permit Application, Accurate Bids, Plan sequence of construction across all trades.
168
What is Division 1 of the specification
General Requirements, expresses the performance and organization of all construction work.
169
What are the types of specifications?
Prescriptive, Performance, Proprietary
170
What is a scenario when a performance based spec would be beneficial?
When established construction procedures and performance standards and practices are acceptable. Looking for cost savings, and contractor ingenuity. Value based construction.
171
What factors would influence the method of specification?
Capital Cost, Operating Costs, Sustainability Values, Aesthetic Values
172
What are the three parts of every spec section?
General, Products, Execution
173
What is NMS?
National Master specification provided by industry professionals in Canada, it is a Model Specification available in Masterformat for construction and Uniformat for design
174
What NMS specs are likely apart of the architectural package?
0-14, 31,32,33
175
What NMS sections are related to common engineering services?
00,01, 21 - 28
176
Describe Galvanic Action? And hoe to avoid it?
Chemical corrosion between two dissimilar metals. Dissimilar metals should be separated by isolating materials like neoprene washers, or use similar metals.
177
What are methods of preventing corrosion?
Alloying, Galvanizing, anodizing
178
Methods of forming metal members?
Casting, Rolling, Forging, Pressing, Drawing
179
Describe the difference between lumber and timber?
Timber has nominal dimensions larger than 5"
180
What are nominal dimensions?
Not actual dimensions, 2x4" is nominal actual is 1.5" x 3.5"
181
After how long does concrete reach its compressive strength?
28 days
182
What is the range of acceptable for a slump test?
2" - 6" outside this is either too stiff or too wet
183
Materials that can be sued as vapour retarders?
ALuminum FOil, Polyethylene, Asphalt Coated Kraft paper, Vapour retarder paints, extruded polystyrene, exterior grade plywood, mono sheet roofing membranes,
184
If using radiant floor heating, what is the most appropriate wood floor finish?
Engineered Flooring.
185
What are the three general requirements of a buildings foundation?
Support weight and loads of building, Must not settle, Must be feasible and practical without adverse effects on surrounding property.
186
What is the difference between piles and caissons?
Both are deep foundations, caissons are poured, piles are driven
187
What is underpinning?
Process of strengthening existing foundations
188
