Section 3 Flashcards
what was Lenin’s first decree after seizing power?
abolishment of private ownership of land
what was abolished in November 1917
abolishment of tsarist ranks, titles and privileges
what was created in december 1917
the CHEKA
what did lenin call for?
a one party state
when and what was the treaty of brest-litovsk
1918- ended russia’s involvement in ww1
who led the cheka
Dzerzhinsky
who was the Jewish women who tried to assassinate lenin
Fanny Kaplan
what happened on international women’s day (8th feb 1917?
thousands of people protested for more food- allowed the bolsheviks to over throw the tsar
who was head of the provisional government?
Kerensky
what was the bolshevik slogan
peace,land,bread
who was head of the army under the provisional government
Kornilov
how many executions were there between dec 1917 and summer 1918?
1000- enemies were labelled ‘counterrevolutionaries
when was the Kronstadt revolt?
1921- naval sailors rose up against soviet control
who was involved in the power struggle?
stalin and trotsky
what happened in may 2022?
Lenin had a series of strokes
who created the cult of lenin?
Stalin
who were contenders or power on the left?
Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev
who were contenders for power on the right?
Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov
what was the lenin enrolment?
1924- Stalin initiated an enrolment drive which allowed 128,000 people to join the communist party
What was the NEP?
New economic Policy
What was state capitalism?
the transition between capitalism and communism- primarily communist- things were state owned but allowed some capitalist aspects e.g. people to sell food if they had an abundance
when was grain requisitioning introduced under lenin?
summer 1918
what were kulacks labelled?
enemies of the people
what did the NEP include?
orced requisitioning of farm produce was replaced by a smaller ‘tax in kind’ (i.e. tax paid in produce). This allowed peasants to sell their surplus on the free market.
Small-scale businesses were denationalised. This allowed a large sector of the market to return to normal.
‘The commanding heights of industry’ (coal, steel, transport etc.) remained in government hands.
A purge of Party membership, a reduction in persecution of ‘class enemies’
and the creation of law codes to allow a return to normal life
what was stalin’s economic policy?
5 year plans- introduced in 1928
what were the 5 year plans focused on?
industrialisation
what did the 1936 constitution involve?
more autonomy for republics- in reality central control of budgets curtailed this and Stalin purged leaders calling for more independence
Replacement of All-Russian Congress of Soviets with ‘Supreme Soviet’- in reality utilised to impart central decisions
Four-yearly elections and suffrage for everybody over 18- in reality elections were not contested
freedom of arbitrary arrest and freedom of speech- in reality secret police and censorship
how many tons of grain were exported under the NEP?
3 million tons- bad 4x less than under the tsars
what were exports at in 1926/27?
33% and imports were 38% of their 1913 levels due to decline in grain exports
what were people doing with their grain in 1927?
people were feeding it to their animals instead of selling it at a low price. 3/4 of the grain in 1926 was procured in 1927
what were wages like for urban workers in 1928?
only just passed pre 1914 wages-
what happened to women after the red army demobilised?
forced out of jobs, many unsupported owmen ended up on the streets
what was stalin’s ‘great turn’
rapid industrialisation
collectivisation- 15% of households were to be collectivised
collectivisation 1929-30
introduced dekulakisation
15% of peasant households were destroyed and 150,000 were forced to migrate
march 1930- 58% of households were collectivised
which famine happened in 1932-33
the Holodomor- estimated 3.9 million Ukrainians died form starvation
what were stalin’s educational policeis?
formal education- 10 years
literacy rose to 88%
government controlled university
state prescribed textbooks
health under lenin
wanted to set up a free national health service but was impossible due to civil war 1918-20
health under stalin
massive famine caused by collectivisation
doctors and nurses increased
improved health care for party members
social issues under lenin
made divorce and abortion more accessible
family devalused
feminists emerged e.g. Alexandra Kollontai
social issues under stalin
The ‘great retreat’ – stresses the value of the family
Did not approve of sexual freedoms
traditional family was a good balance to economic modernisation
Divorce and abortion made more difficult
Homosexuality outlawed
Demand for labour meant women had to become members of the workforce but also expected to be wives and mothers – great strains
1930 – 1945, women’s pay dropped in real terms
when did the red terror begin?
1918
when did show trials begin?
1928
‘industrial party’ trial in 1930
metro-vickers trial in 1933 which included British specialists
when did show trials begin?
1928
‘industrial party’ trial in 1930
metro-vickers trial in 1933 which included British specialists
when did show trials begin?
1928
‘industrial party’ trial in 1930
metro-vickers trial in 1933 which included British specialists
