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HCHS GCSE Science 2 - Chemistry > Section 2 - States of Mater & Mixtures > Flashcards

Section 2 - States of Mater & Mixtures Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid and gas.

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2
Q

In a solid’s particle model, how are the particles arranged?

A

A regular lattice from which the particles don’t move.

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3
Q

What are the properties of solids?

A

Strong forces of attraction between particles, holding all particles in a fixed lattice arrangement, they keep a definite shape and volume, they don’t have much energy, they expand as they heat up.

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4
Q

In a liquid’s particle model, how are the particles arranged?

A

Some of the particles will be touching one another, but they will be laid out irregularly and spread out.

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5
Q

What are the properties of liquids?

A

Some force of attraction between particles, allowing free movement of particles whilst sticking them together, no definite shape but keep constant volume, some energy, expand when heated.

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6
Q

In a gas’s particle model, how are the particles arranged?

A

Randomly spread out.

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7
Q

What are the properties of gases?

A

No forces of attraction between particles, allowing free movement of particles, no definite shape or volume, have lots of energy, move randomly, expand when heated or under pressure.

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8
Q

When a solid turns to a liquid, what is it called?

A

Melting.

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9
Q

When a liquid turns to a solid, what is it called?

A

Freezing.

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10
Q

When a liquid turns to a gas, what is it called?

A

Evaporating.

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11
Q

When a gas turns to a liquid, what is it called?

A

Condensing.

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12
Q

When a solid turns to a gas, or a gas turns to a solid, what is it called?

A

Subliming.

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13
Q

What are physical changes?

A

Changes in state.

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14
Q

What are chemical changes?

A

Rearrangements of atoms in compounds due to chemical reactions.

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15
Q

Compared to physical changes, how hard are chemical changes to reverse?

A

Harder.

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16
Q

What is pure in chemistry?

A

Pure means only made of one element or compound.

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17
Q

How can you test a solid’s purity with heat?

A

By melting it and comparing it’s melting point to it’s pure melting point.

18
Q

What is distillation?

A

A separation technique to separate mixtures containing liquids.

19
Q

How does distillation work?

A

The liquids evaporate at different temperature, this allows the liquids with lower boiling points to boil out of the mixture, separating it from the other chemicals.

20
Q

What are the two types of distillation?

A

Simple and fractional.

21
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.

22
Q

What is crystalisation used for?

A

To separate soluble solids from a mixture.

23
Q

What is chromatography?

A

A method to separate a mixture of soluble substances and identify them.

24
Q

What are the two phases of chromatography?

A

Mobile and stationary.

25
Q

What is the mobile phase in chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can move, this is either a liquid or a gas.

26
Q

What is the stationary phase in chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can’t move, this is either a solid or a really thick liquid.

27
Q

What is the R(v)f value? What does it stand for?

A

The ratio between the distance traveled by the solute and the distance traveled by the solvent, it stands for retardation factor.

28
Q

How can you test purity with chromatography?

A

A pure substance forms a blob and won’t be separated, unlike a mixture.

29
Q

What are the three types of water source we use to provide us with drinking water.

A

Surface water, ground water and waste water.

30
Q

What is surface water?

A

Water from lakes, rivers and reservoirs.

31
Q

What is ground water?

A

Water from aquifers.

32
Q

What is waste water?

A

Water that has been contaminated by some human process.

33
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

Any type of rock that traps water underground.

34
Q

Which types of water source require treatment before use?

A

Waste water and surface water.

35
Q

What does potable mean, in relation to water?

A

It means the water is fit to drink.

36
Q

What three stages does water go through in water treatment?

A

Filtration, sedimentation and chlorination.

37
Q

How does filtration work in water treatment?

A

A large wire mesh is used to remove twigs and the like before a sand and gravel bed filter out other solids.

38
Q

How does sedimentation work in water treatment?

A

Either iron sulfate or aluminium sulfate is added to the water to cause fine particles to clump up and settle at the bottom of the tank.

39
Q

How does chlorination work in water treatment?

A

Chlorine gas is bubbled through the water to kill of harmful bacteria and other microbes.

40
Q

What water source could be used in dry countries near the ocean? how would it be made drinkable?

A

Sea water, distillation would purify the water.

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of using distillation over other water treatment methods?

A

It is uses large amounts of energy and is very expensive.

42
Q

Why must water used in chemical analysis be pure?

A

It would contaminate the result otherwise.

HCHS GCSE Science 2 - Chemistry (9 decks)

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