Section 1 - Key Concepts in Chemistry Flashcards
What do Chemical Equations show?
Chemical Changes.
What are three ways to write a Chemical Equation?
Symbol Equations, Ionic Equations and Chemical Equations.
What do Symbol Equations do?
They show the atoms on both sides of the equation.
What must any Symbol Equation be?
Balanced, the same number of atoms on either side.
What are the four State Symbols? What do they mean?
(s) - Solid
(l) - Liquid
(g) - Gas
(aq) - Aqueous
What do State Symbols tell you?
The state of a substance in an equation.
What do Word Equations do?
They simplify things by only stating the name of any substance in a reaction.
What is the formula of Water?
H₂O
What is the formula for Ammonia?
NH₃
What is the formula for Carbon Dioxide?
CO₂
What is the formula for Hydrogen?
H₂
What is the formula for Chlorine?
Cl₂
What is the formula for Oxygen?
O₂
What is the ionic formula for Ammonium?
NH₄⁺
What is the ionic formula for Hydroxide?
OH⁻
What is the ionic formula for Nitrate?
NO₃⁻
What is the ionic formula for Carbonate?
CO₃²⁻
What is the ionic formula for Sulfate?
SO₄²⁻
What do Ionic Equations do?
Display only the reacting particles in any reaction occurring in solution.
What is a Hazard?
Anything with the potential to cause harm or damage.
What are the six common Hazard Symbols?
Oxidising Harmful Environmental Hazard Toxic Corrosive Highly Flammable
What is the Oxidising Symbol and what does it mean?
A circle on fire, it means the chemical provides Oxygen allowing other materials to burn more fiercely.
What is the Harmful Symbol and what does it mean?
An exclamation mark, it means it can cause irritation, blistering or reddening of the skin.
What is the Environmental Hazard Symbol and what does it mean?
A dead fish under a dead tree by a lake, it means it is harmful to organisms and the environment.
What is the Toxic Symbol and what does it mean?
A skull and crossed bones, it means it can cause death by swallowing, breathing it in or otherwise.
What is the Highly Flammable Symbol and what does it mean?
A flame, it means the thing catches fire quickly.
What is the Corrosive Symbol and what does it mean?
Two vials with one dripping on a table and the other on a hand, both are slightly corroded, it means that it destroys materials including living material.
What are Atoms?
The tiny particles that make up everything in the universe.
What was the Plum Pudding model? who made it? When?
The model of the atom that describes Atoms as solid positively charged spheres, like a pudding, with small negatively charged electrons in it, like the plums, it was made by John Dalton in the early 1800s.
What was the Rutherford model? Who made it? When?
The first model of the atom to state that atoms are mostly empty space, and that atoms had a “cloud of electrons surrounding a tiny nucleus, it was made by Ernest Rutherford in 1909.
Who disproved the Plum Pudding Method? When? How?
Ernest Rutherford and his students, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, conducted the gold foil experiment in 1909, they shot alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil, most passed through the empty space though some deflected of the nucleus.
What is the Bohr Model? Who made it?
When scientists realized the “cloud” of electrons in the Rutherford Model would collapse because the electrons would be attracted to the nucleus, it was proposed the electrons could be contained in shells, orbiting the atom in specific fixed energy levels. This was suggested by Neils Bohr.
What are the names of the subatomic particles that make up atoms?
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.
What is relative mass?
A measure of mass where a proton or neutron equals 1.
What is the relative mass of an electron?
0.0005
What is the relative charge of an electron?
-1