Section 2- Relationships and In school Processes

Question 1

Interactionalist

Answer 1

A study of how individual’s act in society rather than how society functions(Functionalists, Marxists, feminists)

they DO NOT like to generalise. They criticise structural approaches such as Marxism, Feminism and Functionalism for generalising- they say that those theories focus on society on a macro scale meaning that they neglect to look at individuals and acknowledge individual differences.

Interactionalist’s study on a micro scale. They look at individuals in society and do not make generalisations about society as a whole

Question 2

Labelling theory

Answer 2

To attach a meaning or a definition to a student.

Some pupils are labelled positively, others might be negatively labelled.

Question 3

Becker (1971)

Answer 3

He found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’.

Saw middle class children closest to ideal.(better dressed/better spoken)

Lowest class furthest away from the idea(badly behaved)

labeling students on preconceived ideasBecker carried out 60 interviews on high- school teachers in Chicago.

Question 4

Cicourel and Kitsuse (1963)

Answer 4

Inconsistencies in how teachers assessed students suitability for a course

Judged on social class and race*

labelling students depended on preconceived ideas

Question 5

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 5

•Prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made

Students start to live up to the expectation given by the teachers.If a teacher believes the child is a failure they will conform and be more likely to fail

Question 6

Self refuting prophecy

Answer 6

Not all pupils conform to the ideals and conceptions of the teacher some pupils try to detach the selfs from the label and PROVE THEM WRONG.

Question 7

What is the Halo effect ?

Answer 7

Generalising a characteristic/attribute into one category

E.g all girls work harder than boys

Question 8

4 factors that operate in the prophecy

Answer 8

• climate factors -
  nicer to them

-input factors -
teach more material

• response opportunity factor -
  Cooperate a response

-feedback -
More expected
More positively reinforced

Question 9

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Answer 9

Experimented on pupils in a primary school in California. All pupils sat IQ test.

• Selected pupils at random.
• identified the spurters even though it was just a normal iq test. encouraged them
• sat an IQ test a year later
• spurters performed significantly WELL!