Section 2 -- People in business

Question 1

define ‘motivation’

Answer 1

reason why employees want to work hard and work effectively for the business

Question 2

describe F.W. Taylor motivation method

Answer 2

all individuals are motivated through personal gain and therefore, if they are paid more, they will work more effectively

However, not all employees are, and you cannot easily measure an employee’s output

Question 3

describe Maslow’s motivation method

Answer 3

hierarchy of needs
1. physiological needs –> money to meet weekly needs
2. safety/security needs –> job security
3. Social needs –>work colleagues that support you at work
4. Esteem needs –> being given recognition for a job well done
5. self-actualisation –> being promoted and given more responsibility

Question 4

describe Herzberg’s motivational method

Answer 4

make only motivate if ‘hygiene’ factors are met

hygiene factors;
- status
- security
- work conditions
- policies and administration
- relationships
- salary

motivators;
- achievement
- recognition
- personal growth
- promotion
- work itself

Question 5

define ‘wage’

Answer 5

payment for work, usually weekly

Question 6

define ‘salary’

Answer 6

payment for work. paid monthly

Question 7

define ‘commission’

Answer 7

payment relating to the number of sales made

Question 8

define ‘profit sharing’

Answer 8

system whereby a proportion of the company’s profits is paid out to employees

Question 9

define ‘bonus’

Answer 9

additional amount of payment above basic pay as a reward for good work

Question 10

define ‘performance-related pay’

Answer 10

pay which is related to the effectiveness of the employee where their output can easily be measured

Question 11

define ‘share ownership’

Answer 11

shares in the company are given to employees so that they become part owners in the company

Question 12

define ‘appraisal’

Answer 12

method of assessing the effectiveness of an employee

Question 13

define ‘fringe benefits’

Answer 13

non-financial rewards given to employees

Question 14

define ‘job satisfaction’

Answer 14

enjoyment derived from feeling that you have done a good job

Question 15

define ‘job rotation’

Answer 15

involves workers swapping round and doing each specific task for only a limited time and then changing round again

Question 16

define ‘job enlargement’

Answer 16

where extra tasks of a similar level of work are added to a worker’s job description

Question 17

define ‘job enrichment’

Answer 17

looking at obs and adding tasks that require more skill and/or responsability

Question 18

define ‘organisational structure’

Answer 18

levels of management and division of responsibilities within an organisation

Question 19

define ‘chain of command’

Answer 19

structure in an organisation which allows instructions to be passed down from senior management to lower levels of management

Question 20

define ‘span of control’

Answer 20

number of subordinated working directly under a manager

Question 21

define ‘line managers’

Answer 21

direct responsibility over people below them in the hierarchy of an organisation

Question 22

define ‘staff managers’

Answer 22

specialists who provide support, information and assistance to line managers

Question 23

define ‘delegation’

Answer 23

giving a subordinate the authority to perform particular tasks

Question 24

define ‘leadership styles’

Answer 24

different approaches to dealing with people in a position of authority - autocratic, laissez-faire or democratic

Question 25

define ‘autocratic leadership’

Answer 25

where the manager expects to be in charge of the business and to have their orders followed

Question 26

define ‘democratic leadership’

Answer 26

get other employees involved in the decision-making process

Question 27

define ‘laissez-faire leadership’

Answer 27

makes the broad objectives of the business known to employees, but then they are left to make their own decisions and organise their own work

Question 28

define ‘trade union’

Answer 28

a group of workers who have joined together to ensure their interests are protected

Question 29

define ‘closed shop’

Answer 29

all employees must be a member of the same trade union

Question 30

define ‘recruitment’

Answer 30

process form identifying that the business needs to employ someone up to the point at which applications have arrived at the business

Question 31

define ‘job analysis’

Answer 31

identifies and records the responsibilitys and tasks relating to a job

Question 32

define ‘job description’

Answer 32

outlines the responsibilities and duties to be carried out by someone employed to do a specific job

Question 33

define ‘job specification’

Answer 33

document which outlines the requirements, qualifications, expertise, physical characteristics, etc for a specified job

Question 34

define ‘internal recruitment’

Answer 34

when a vacancy is filled by someone who is an existing employee of the business

Question 35

define ‘external recruitment’

Answer 35

when a vacancy is filled by someone who is not an existing employee and will be new to the business

Question 36

define ‘part-time’

Answer 36

employment is often considered to be between 1 and 33-35 hours a week

Question 37

define ‘full-time’

Answer 37

employees will usually work 35 hours or more a week

Question 38

define ‘induction training’

Answer 38

introduction given to a new employee, explaining the firms activities, customs and procedures and introducing them to their fellow workers

Question 39

define ‘on-the-job training’

Answer 39

watching a more experienced worker doing the job

Question 40

define ‘off-the-job training’

Answer 40

being trained away from the workplace, usually by specialist trainers

Question 41

define ‘workforce planning’

Answer 41

establishing the workforce needed by the business for the foreseeable future in terms of the number and skills of employees required

Question 42

define ‘redundancy’

Answer 42

when an employee us no longer needed and so loses their job

Question 43

define ‘ethical decision’

Answer 43

decision taken by a manager or a company because of the moral code observed by the firm

Question 44

define ‘industrial tribunal’

Answer 44

legal meeting which considers workers’ complaints of unfair dismissal or discrimination at work

Question 45

define ‘contract of employment’

Answer 45

legal agreement between employer and employee listing the rights and responsibilities of workers

Question 46

define ‘communication’

Answer 46

transferring a message from the sender to the receiver, who understands the message

Question 47

define ‘message’

Answer 47

information or instructions being passed by the sender to the receiver

Question 48

define ‘internal communication’

Answer 48

between members of the same organisation

Question 49

define ‘external communication’

Answer 49

between the organisation and other organisations or individuals

Question 50

define ‘transmitter’ or ‘sender’

Answer 50

person starting off the process by sending the message

Question 51

define ‘medium of communication’

Answer 51

method used to send a message

Question 52

define ‘receiver’

Answer 52

person who receives the message

Question 53

define ‘feedback’

Answer 53

reply from the receiver which shows whether the message has arrived, been understood, and if necessary, acted upon

Question 54

define ‘one-way communication’

Answer 54

involves a message which does not call for or require a response

Question 55

define ‘two-way communication’

Answer 55

when the receiver gives a response to the message there is a discussion about it

Question 56

define ‘formal communication’

Answer 56

message are sent through established channels using professional language

Question 57

define ‘informal communication’

Answer 57

when information is sent and received casually with the use of everyday language

Question 58

define ‘communication barriers’

Answer 58

factors that stop effective communication of messages