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AQA A-level Physics > Section 2 - Particles and Quantum Phenomena > Flashcards

Section 2 - Particles and Quantum Phenomena Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the constituents of an atom?

A

Protons and Neutrons (in the nucleus)
Electrons orbiting.

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2
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Same proton number, different nucleon number.

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3
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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4
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

What is specific charge?

A

Charge(Q) / Mass(kg)

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6
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A

Electromagnetic, Gravity, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Force

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7
Q

What is the range of the Strong Nuclear Force?

A

Repulsive : 0-0.5 fm
Attractive : 0.5 - 4 fm

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8
Q

What is the range of a gravitational field?

A

Infinite

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9
Q

What is the range for an electromagnetic force?

A

Infinite

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10
Q

Rank the 4 fundamental forces in terms of strength. Strongest to Weakest

A
  1. Strong Nuclear Force
  2. Electromagnetic
    3.Weak Force
    4.Gravity
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11
Q

What does the SNF affect?

A

Hadrons

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12
Q

What does gravity affect?

A

Masses

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13
Q

What does the weak force affect?

A

Leptons and Hadrons

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14
Q

What does the Electromagnetic force affect?

A

Charges

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15
Q

True or False the SNF does not conserve strangeness?

A

False

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16
Q

True or False the Weak Force does not conserve strangeness?

A

True

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17
Q

Force carrier for the SNF?

A

Pion+ , Pion0 , Pion-

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18
Q

Force carrier for the weak force?

A

W+,W0,W-

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19
Q

Force carrier for EM?

A

Virtual photon

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20
Q

Range of a virtual photon?

A

Infinite

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21
Q

How heavy is a W boson?

A

Heavier than a copper nucleus

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22
Q

Does a W boson have a short range or a long range?

A

Short range

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23
Q

Equation for power of a laser?

A

n.h.f

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24
Q

What are anti-particles?

A

Particles that have the same charge ,mass and will annihilate when it collides with its matter particle.

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25
Q

What is rest energy?

A

The energy due to rest mass

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26
Q

What is the process of converting mass to energy called?

A

Annihilation

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27
Q

What is the process of converting energy to mass?

A

Pair production

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28
Q

What is annihilation?

A

A particle and an anti-particle collide.
They produce two photons.
Travelling in opposite directions.
To conserve momentum.

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29
Q

What is pair production?

A

A single photon produces a particle and an anti-particle pair.

30
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for electron repulsion

A

Check Notes

31
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for proton repulsion

A

Check Notes

32
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for electron capture

A

Check Notes

33
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for neutron-neutrino

A

Check Notes

34
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for proton- anti-neutrino

A

Check Notes

35
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for Beta+ decay

A

Check Notes

36
Q

Draw the feynmann diagram for Beta- decay

A

Check Notes

37
Q

What are leptons?

A

Fundamental Particle

38
Q

Examples of leptons

A

Muon, electron,positron

39
Q

What are Hadrons

A

Particle made up of quarks

40
Q

What are the two types of Hadrons?

A

Meson, Baryon

41
Q

How many Quarks does a baryon have?

A

3

42
Q

How many quarks does a meson have?

A

2: 1 quark, 1 anti-quark

43
Q

What is the most stable baryon?

A

Proton

44
Q

What quarks is a pion+ made up of ?

A

up , anti-down

45
Q

What quarks is a pion- made up of ?

A

down, anti-up

46
Q

What quarks is a pion0 made up of ?

A

up, anti-up or down, anti-down or strange, anti-strange

47
Q

What quarks is a Kaon+ made up of ?

A

up , anti-strange

48
Q

What quarks is a Kaon- made up of ?

A

anti-up, strange

49
Q

What quarks is a Kaon0 made up of ?

A

anti-down, strange

50
Q

List types of Kaon decay.

A

K -> pi
K -> mu + anti-neutrino
K -> anti-mu + neutrino

51
Q

List types of Pion decay.

A

K -> mu + anti-neutrino
K -> anti-mu + neutrino

52
Q

Equation for decay of a Muon

A

electron + anti-neutrino(e) + neutrino(mu)

53
Q

What are the values that are conserved?

A

Charge
Baryon Number
Strangeness (only in strong interaction)
lepton number
Energy
Momentum
Lepton flavour

54
Q

What does the photoelectric effect prove?

A

It proves that light can act like a particle.

55
Q

What is stopping potential?

A

The minimum pd required to stop photo-electric emission

56
Q

What is a conduction electron?

A

A free electron in a metal that isn’t moving

57
Q

What is excitation?

A

When an electron moves up an energy level

58
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle

59
Q

Two ways that an ion is formed?

A

Collisions with electrons
Collisions with photons

60
Q

Are energy levels discrete or continuous?

A

Discrete

61
Q

Explain excitation by electron collision.

A

1 to 1 collision with an electron. Its energy must be greater than the energy level to excite.

62
Q

Explain excitation by photon absorption.

A

1 to 1 interaction with a photon. Photon energy must be the exact energy need to excite to an energy level. As photon can not be partially absorbed.

63
Q

Explain the process of fluorescence.

A
  • Mercury gas is trapped in the tube.
  • A pd is applied across the tube.
  • This causes a flow of electrons to floe through the tube.
  • Electrons collide with the mercury atoms.
  • Mercury atoms excite and the de-excite to release uv photons
  • UV photons then absorbed by the phosphorus coating of the tube.
  • Coating excites then de-excites realeasing photons of multiple wavelengths (White light).
64
Q

What does a line emission spectra show?

A

It shows the wavelengths of photons released from de-exciting electrons.

65
Q

What does a line absorption spectra show?

A

Continuous spectra of dark lines that represents wavelengths that are absorbed.

66
Q

Proof that electrons have wave like properties

A

Electron diffraction

67
Q

Proof that electrons have particle like properties

A

Photoelectric effect

68
Q

What is the De Broile wavelength?

A

Lambda is proportional to 1/momentum.

anything with mass has a wavelength.

69
Q

What is the lowest energy level called?

A

Ground state

70
Q

What is the highest energy level called?

A

Ionisation state

71
Q

How does a dishcarge tube work?

A
  • High pd accross tube accelerates electrons
  • Electrons now have high KE and atoms hydrogen atoms inside can absorb the electron energy and excite to a higer energy level
  • de-exitation transitions can then relsease photons with energy that correspond to the size of the energy gap
72
Q

Why are energy levels negative?

A

To become free/to remove an electron (reach zero energy)
energy has to be supplied

AQA A-level Physics (14 decks)

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