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BVB212 > Section 2 Martin > Flashcards

Section 2 Martin Flashcards

1
Q

what are two functions of the nervous system

A

communication and control
by sensory output
integration
motor output

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2
Q

describe the organisation of the nervous system

A

there are two main parts, there is the sensory and there is the motor. the motor breaks into somatic and autonmic. with somatic (voluntary and reflex) being for skeletal muscles.
while Autonomic is split into sympathetic (accelerator) and parasympathetic (brakes)

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3
Q

Describe how nerve impulses are transmitted

A

saltatory conduction, Jumps between them

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4
Q

explain the structure of a neuron

A

Dendrites to a cell body to a axon to a axon terminal

at the axon terminal is a axon bulb with a synapse.

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5
Q

difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

the sympathetic accelrates while parasympathetics brakes.

one found at the top and bottom of the spine, while the other is all along the back

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6
Q

Four neurotransmitters chemicals

A

noradrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, gaba

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7
Q

describe the electrical components of neurotransmission

A

both K and Na gate are closed, with Na outside and K on the inside of the cell.
when depolarisation occurs the Na gate opens allowing Na to enter. once repolarised the K gate opens allowing K ions to go outside.

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8
Q

where does the parasympathetic nerves originate from

A

from the lower brain (top) and sacral region (bottom) of the spinal cord.

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9
Q

where does the sympathetic nerves originate from

A

the originate from thoracic and lumbar regions of the back (majority of the back )

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10
Q

Four parasympathetic results by releasing …

A

acetylcholine

Constricts pupil of eye, constricits bronchi in lungs, slows heart, promotes emptying the bladder.

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11
Q 
muscarinic receptors ?
Neurotransmitter:
Agonists :
Effects
Antagonists
A

acetylcholine,

muscarine, carbachol,
pilocarpine, bethanecol

CNS excitation
Cardiac inhibition
Gastric/salivary secretion
Vasodilation

Atropine, ipratropium

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12
Q 
Nicotinic receptors ?
Neurotransmitter:
Agonists :
Effects
Antagonists
A

acetylcholine

nicotine, carbachol,
succinylcholine

CNS excitation
Skeletal muscle contraction
Secretion of adrenaline

Tubocurarine (curarie)
α-bungarotoxin

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13
Q

fours effects of the noradrenaline on target organs

A

dilates pupil of eye, relaxes bronchi in lungs, accelerates heart, inhibits emptying the bladder

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14
Q 
Beta Receptors
Neurotransmitter
Agonists
Effects
Antagonists
A 
Noradrenaline,
adrenaline, isoprenaline,
clenbuterol, salbutamol
Increase heart rate
Increase blood pressure
Relax smooth muscle (e.g.
airways)
Vasodilation
propranolol
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15
Q 
Alpha Receptors
Neurotransmitter
Agonists
Effects
Antagonists
A 
Noradrenaline
adrenaline,
phenylepherine
Decongestant
Vasoconstriction
Reflex bradycardia
phentolamine
phenoxybenzamine
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16
Q

synpase bulb, inactivation of message by

A
  1. re-uptake by nerve (NET)
  2. Breakdown by MAO (methyl aluminoxane) enzyme or uptake by vesicles.
  3. activation of pre-synaptic receptors
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17
Q

names part of the synpase bulb

Sites of intervention

A 
false transmitter
depletion of transmitter
re-uptake (NET) blocker
enzyme inhibitor
pre-synpatic receptor agonist or blocker
receptor agonist or blocker
enzyme inhibitor
uptake blocker (ENT)
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18
Q

Amplify or mimic

A 
reuptake blocker - cocaine
displaces noradrenaline - amphetamine
MAO inhibtor - phenelzine
Uptake Blocker - corticosterone
postsynaptic receptor agonist- clenbuterol
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19
Q

peyote cactus drug

A

mescaline

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20
Q

psilocybe mexicane drug

A

psilocybin

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21
Q

christmas vine drug

A

ergoline

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22
Q

Ayahuasca drug

A

DMT- Dimethyltryptamine

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23
Q

Tabernanthe iboga

A

Ibogaine

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24
Q

fly agaric

A

muscimol

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25
Q

Ergot fungus on rye

A

LSD, discovered by Hoffman

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26
Q

Diviners Sage Drug

A

Salvia, affects only 2 receptors, non toxic, very potent

27
Q

what are hallucinogens

A

chemicals that cause alterations in mental state, leading to perturbation and distortions in sensory perceptions, thinking and mood

28
Q

Four Psychological effects of hallucinogens

A

Mood changes, memory loss/ confusion, dissociative effects. states of ecstasy

29
Q

Four physical effects of hallucinogens

A

increased tmeperature, dilation of pupils, dryness of the mouth, sweating

30
Q

MOA of hallucinogens

A

indole hallucinogens mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin in the CNS

31
Q

target of hallucinogens

A

5-HT receptors, which bind the ligand serotonin (5-HT)

these drugs can mimic serotonin.

32
Q

number of 5-HT receptors and the important one

A

7 types, focus is 2.
2A which blocks LSD and psilocybin
in CNS predominantly the frontal lobes
most hallucinogens are 5HT 2A agonists

33
Q

how do hallucinogens affect the prefrontal cortex

A

they increase glutamate release in the PFC,

leads to intermittent bursts of neuron firing

34
Q

important parts of the brain for hallucinogens

A

thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex

35
Q

magic mushroosm MOA

A

it is a GABA receptor agonists

36
Q

the role of hormones in the nervous and endocrine system

A

communication and control is the role of hormones
for the nervous system: rapid short acting
while for endocrine system: slow long acting

37
Q

Chemical properties of different hormones and why

A

peptides, steroid and amines are all types of hormones. have different properties and therefore have different uses

38
Q

peptides

A

are 1000 to 100000, water soluble, orally inactive, not heat stable, natural example is insulin and synthetic is recombinant insulin. administered by injections

39
Q

steroids

A

are 360 in size, arent water soluble, maybe orally active, are heat stable, natural example is cortisol, synthetic example is prednisone and administered by injection, cream or implant

40
Q

Amines

A

are 200 in size, maybe water soluble, maybe orally active and heat stable, natural examine is adrenaline, synthetic is clenbuterol. administered by injection, pill, and inhaler.

41
Q

Cortisol is..

A

the stress hormone, it is a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal gland, generates glucose, suppresses immune system

42
Q

what is cortisol stimualted and lowered by

A

stimulated by excitement, fear, anxiety, trauma

while lowered by rest, massage, music, dancing

43
Q

how cortisol is produced and reacted (the long image thing)

A

external or internal stimuli causes the hypothalamus to produce CRF and causes the pituitary to produce ACTH which in turns causes the adrenal gland to produce cortisol. this then is deposited into the tissues. this can have a negative feedback decreasing the amount produced.

44
Q

more moa of cortisol

A

coritosl, enters the cell, binds to the receptor, enter nucleus, binds to DNA and causes new proteins to be made

45
Q

useful effects of cortisol

A

mobilises glucose, creates memories, mobilises calium and protein and improves mood.

46
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome is caused by what and its effects

A

causes by too much cortisol and causes red cheeks, thin skin, hypertension and abdominal fat

47
Q

glucose MOA in the body

A

the digestive system breaks down food adn takes the glucose and takes to the pancreas which turns it into insulin which is then deposited into adipose tissue.
an insulin receptor is found on the cell wall of other tissues and tyrosine kinases controls this

48
Q

normal MOA of glucose in heathly body

A

higher sugar diet, produces normal blood glucose. this produces insulin which the GLUT 4 transporters activated in muscle and other tissues and glucose returns to normal.

49
Q

what is insulin dysregulation

A

peripheral insulin resistance
gluclose levels increase as normal after a meal, insulin is produced but tissues fail to take up glucose in response to insulin. insulin concentration increase, glucose slowly returns to normal.

50
Q

result of insulin resistance

A

to much insulin cuases blood glucose to never return to normal causing increase amount of insulin as pancreas fails and glucose transporters fail. this causes glucose toxicity known as type 2 diabetes.

51
Q

insulin resistance in horses

A

causes laminities, insulin toxicity

52
Q

extreme insulin dysregulation

A 
Blood glucose levels increase
beyond normal after a meal
Insulin concentrations increase
beyond normal (and may cause
laminitis)
Over time, insulin receptors become
downregulated due to high insulin,
and insulin resistance occurs,
making things worse
53
Q

four endocrine hormones and their affects and target

A

oxytocin affects smooth msucle and mammary glands, produced by pituitary
TSH affects thyroid and therefore liver muscles
ACTCh affects adrenal cortex and produces cortisol which affect many tissues
growth hormone affects the liver muscles and bones

54
Q

major endocrine glands in the body and location

A 
Pineal gland - brain
hypothalamus - brain
pituitary - brain
thyroid glands- throat
parathyroid glands - throat
pancreases
adrenal gland
gonads
55
Q

pineal gland main hormones and action fo hormones

A

melatonin, control o seasonal fertlity/breeding and sleep/wake cycle

56
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS main hormones and action fo hormones

A

releasing factors, growth hormone releasing factor. corticotropin releasing factor. LH releasing factor. control the pituitary gland

57
Q

PITUITARY main hormones and action fo hormones

A

porlation, growth hormone, oxytocin, tropic hormones

58
Q

thyroid glands main hormones and action of hormones

A

T3 triiodothyronine and T4 thyroxine stimulate metabolic rate
calcitonin lowers blood calcium

59
Q

parathyroid glands main hormones and action of hormones

A

parathyroid hormone, increases blood calcium

60
Q

pancreas main hormones and action fo hormones

A

insulin and glucagon, control blood sugar levels

61
Q

adrenal gland main hormones and action fo hormones

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and mobilise fat.
cortisol, aldosterone, mobilised energy, maintains mineral balance.

62
Q

gonads main hormones and action of hormones

A

oestrogen, testosterone, and progesterone control sexual development, reproductive function and growth of bone, muscle and fat

63
Q

pharamacoviligence is…

A

‘the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding
and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem’

64
Q

concern of pharmacovigilance

A

herbs, traditional and complementary medicine, blood products, biologicals, medical devices and vaccines

BVB212 (5 decks)

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