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Endocrine > Section 2 - Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Section 2 - Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland, and is located in the brain.

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2
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Receives information and acts on the pituitary gland in order to secrete hormones to help maintain homeostasis.

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3
Q

What is the hypothalamus apart of?

A

Part of the diencephalon and is encapsulated by the sella turcica (bone). Consists of hypothalamic nuclei. Most important ones are paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus.

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4
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Acts as a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control

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5
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

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6
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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8
Q

Where is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system found?

A

Found in the anterior pituitary and links the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei?

paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus

A

Makes up the hypothalamus. There are other nuclei as well but these are the two that secrete things.

Paraventricular moves into posterior and secretes while supraoptic nucleus secretes into hypophyseal portal system.

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10
Q

Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

A

secrete hormones that helps activate cells

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11
Q

Thyrotropes (thyrotrophs)

A

releases TSH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

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12
Q

Corticotropes (corticotrophs)

A

releases ACTH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

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13
Q

Somatotropes (somatotrophs)

A

releases GH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

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14
Q

Lactotropes (lactotrophs)

A

releases prolactin. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

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15
Q

Gonadotropes (gonadotrophs)

A

releases FSH and LH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

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16
Q

Non-hormone producing cells of the pituitary (null cells, connective tissue cells, etc) …

A

mainly support cells

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17
Q

What are the two types of diabetes?

A

Neurogenic (central) and Nephrogenic

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18
Q

Neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

A

lack of ADH production in the brain

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19
Q

Pathophysiology of neurogenic diabetes

A

lack of ADH production in the posterior pituitary gland

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20
Q

Etiology (causes) of neurogenic diabetes

A

problem in the hypothalamus or something preventing the release from pituitary gland

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21
Q

Treatment of neurogenic diabetes

A
  • ADH analogs

- Desmopressin (DDAVP)

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22
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

ADH not working on kidneys

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23
Q

Pathophysiology of nephrogenic diabetes

A

Kidneys are unresponsive to ADH even though there is normal amount of secretion

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24
Q

Etiology of nephrogenic diabetes

A

Polycystic kidney disease or malfunction in receptors

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25
Q

Clinical manifestations of nephrogenic diabetes

A

dilute and tasteless urine

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26
Q

Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes

A

Thiazide diuretics

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27
Q

Primary polydipsia (dipsogenic diabetes insipidus)

A

drinking a bunch of water due to mental issues

28
Q

Pathophysiology of primary polydipsia

A

decrease in blood osmolarity

29
Q

Etiology of primary polydipsia

A

schizophrenic patients

30
Q

Treatment of primary polydipsia

A

therapy

31
Q

Acromegaly

A

hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood

32
Q

Pathophysiology of acromegaly

A

excess growth hormone

33
Q

Etiology of acromegaly

A

pituitary adenoma, congenital syndrome, specifically multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (werner) syndrome

34
Q

Clinical manifestations of acromegaly

A
  • adults having large hands, feet, and face
  • protrusion of forehead
  • swelling in hands, feet, face, and tongue
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
  • gastrointestinal cancers
  • excessive sweating
35
Q

Dental aspects of acromegaly

A
  • Macroglossia with indentation on lateral borders
  • Prognathic mandible
  • Malocclusion
  • Spacing in the teeth
  • Thick lips
  • Salivary gland enlargement
  • Thickening and folding of facial skin
  • Enlarged nasal sinuses
36
Q

Treatment of acromegaly

A

Octreotide, pevisomant (blocks GH receptors)

37
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates. Therefore, by definition, the condition is only seen in growing children.

38
Q

Pathophysiology of pituitary gigantism

A

excess growth hormone

39
Q

Etiology of pituitary gigantism

A

Pituitary adenoma or congenital syndrome, specifically multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (werner) syndrome

40
Q

Clinical manifestations of pituitary gigantism

A

tall and large stature beyond the norm

41
Q

Dental aspects of pituitary gigantism

A
  • Macroglossia with indentation on lateral borders
  • Prognathic mandible
  • Malocclusion
  • Spacing in teeth
  • Thick lips
  • Salivary gland enlargement
  • Thickening and folding of facial skin
  • Enlarged nasal sinuses
42
Q

Treatment of pituitary gigantism

A

octreoide, pegvisomant (blocks GH receptors)

43
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

growth hormone deficiency

44
Q

Pathophysiology of pituitary dwarfism

A

is a condition caused by insufficient amounts of growth hormone in the body

45
Q

Etiology of pituitary dwarfism

A

tumors

46
Q

Clinical manifestations of pituitary dwarfism

A

delayed growth

47
Q

Dental aspects of pituitary dwarfism

A
  • Permanent teeth and their roots show a delayed pattern of eruption
  • Maxilla and mandible are smaller than normal
  • Dental arches are smaller - in malocclusion and teeth crowding
  • Decrease in salivary flow - increased carries and periodontal diseases
48
Q

Treatment of pituitary dwarfism

A

growth hormone preparations

49
Q

Pituitary adenomas

A

(e.g hyperprolactemia)

50
Q

Pathophysiology of pituitary adenomas

A

increase/decrease secretion of hormones

51
Q

Etiology of pituitary adenomas

A

tumor that appears due to genetics

52
Q

Clinical manifestations of pituitary adenomas

A

dependent on hormone

53
Q

Dental aspects of pituitary adenomas

A

depends on what sort of adenoma it is cause it ultimately affects what we see in the mouth

54
Q

Treatment of pituitary adenomas

A

surgery or radiation. Medication that are agonists or antagonists

55
Q

People who are not pregnant or lactating, prolactin secretion is inhibited by

A

dopamine aka (prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH)

56
Q

what are the two most important stimuli for prolactin secretion?

A

pregnancy and breast feeding

57
Q

what stimulates milk production in the postpartum period?

A

PRL

58
Q

pregnant women during the _____ trimester will increase and have fuller breast development

A

third

59
Q

how does prolactin differ from oxytocin?

A

prolactin = production of milk

oxytocin = ejection of milk

60
Q

in females, prolactin inhibits ________ by inhibiting the synthesis and release of GnRH

A

ovulation

61
Q

Prolactinoma

A

tumor in pituitary in males or females

62
Q

gynecomastia

A

breast development in males

63
Q

galactorrhea

A

males that are able to produce milk in their breasts

64
Q

hyperprolactinemia

A

high prolactin levels

65
Q

pituitary adenoma leads to

A

bitemporal hemianopsia or hemianopia (only able to see straight ahead aka tunnel vision)

Endocrine (6 decks)

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