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Endocrine > Section 1 - Overview of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Section 1 - Overview of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic functions of the endocrine system? (4)

A

1) Maintenance of homeostasis
2) Helping body “cope” with stressful environment
3) Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
4) Regulation of mood, growth, development and reproduction

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2
Q

Define endocrine

A

Hormones that have to travel through other blood in order to act on other cells. May or may not be associated with endocrine binding proteins.

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3
Q

Define paracrine

A

Hormones that act locally (affecting neighboring cells)

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4
Q

Define autocrine

A

Hormones that act on itself (on the same cells that produce them)

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5
Q

Explain how feedback can affect hormone secretion physiologically and pathophysiologically

A
  • Keep in mind that it is all a negative feedback loop. -Physiological responses that eventually inhibit their further secretion.
  • Any issues that can affect these responses and inhibition is considered to be pathophysiologic.
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6
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Made up of cholesterol and differ in side chains.
Hydrophobic and lipophilic.
Use transport proteins like albumins or globulins.

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7
Q

What are peptidic hormones?

A

Lipophobic and hydrophilic

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8
Q

What are amino acid hormones?

A

Tyrosine or bigenic amines. Chemically similar to steroid hormones. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

Hormone receptor agonists

A

ACTIVATE receptors

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10
Q

Hormone receptor antagonists

A

INactivate receptors

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11
Q

Upregulation

A

Means there is an increase in number of receptors

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12
Q

Downregulation

A

Means there is a decrease in number of receptors

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13
Q

What is ADH?

A

anti-diuretic hormone; vasopressin

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14
Q

What stimulates ADH?

A

hypovolemia aka losing lots of volume in blood (diarrhea, vomiting, excessive bleeding).

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15
Q

Where is ADH synthesized and secreted?

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus

Secreted in the posterior pituitary

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16
Q

What are the physiological effects of ADH?

A

Water resorption in kidney. Increase in urine osmolality and decrease in urine volume. Acts on V2 receptors in distal convoluted tubule. Acts on V1 receptors which leads to vasocontraction and increase blood pressure.

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17
Q

What stimulates oxytocin?

A

There is a neurohumoral reflex on sucking on nipple or uterine contractions.

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18
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized and secreted?

A

Oxytocin is synthesized in hypothalamus.

Secreted in posterior pituitary.

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19
Q

What are the physiological effects of oxytocin?

A

Causes contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary alveoli & ducts and the ejection of milk. Also increases both frequency and duration of action potentials during uterine contractions.

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20
Q

What does TSH stimulate?

A

TSH stimulates the thyroid.

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21
Q

Where is TSH synthesized and secreted by?

A

It is synthesized and secreted by thyrotrophs in anterior pituitary gland.

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22
Q

What are the physiological effects of TSH?

A

It causes secretion of T3 and T4 of thyroid gland.

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23
Q

What stimulates adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)?

A

It is stimulated by low levels of cortisol; stress, ADH. Somatostatins and high levels of cortisol inhibits release.

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24
Q

Where is ACTH synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized and secreted by corticotrophs.

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25
Q

What are the physiological effects of ACTH?

A

It controls stress and affects metabolic metabolism.

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26
Q

What stimulates growth hormone (GH)?

A

It is stimulated by GHRH and GHIH/somatostatin. However increased levels of GHRH and GH will inhibit release. Somatomedins with GH will cause somatostatins which will inhibit release of GH.

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27
Q

Where is GH synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized and secreted by somatotropes in anterior pituitary.

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28
Q

What are the physiological effects of GH?

A

Acts on skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. In bones, epiphyseal plates widen and more bone is laid down at the ends of long bones. Stimulates adipose tissue to break down stored fat, fueling growth effects. Helps AA uptake in skeletal muscle.

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29
Q

What stimulates prolactin?

A

Inhibited by dopamine/prolactin inhibiting hormone. Pregnancy and breast-feeding is the big stimulation.

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30
Q

Where is prolactin synthesized and secreted?

A

Prolactin is produced and secreted by lactotrophs.

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31
Q

What are the physiological effects of prolactin?

A

Prolactin stimulates milk production in the postpartum period. Promotes additional breast development in preparation for milk production. Inhibits ovulation by inhibiting synthesis of GnRH.

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32
Q

What stimulates the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

It is stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hromone.

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33
Q

Where is FSH synthesized and secreted?

A

FSH is synthesized in and secreted by gonadotropes.

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34
Q

What are the physiological effects of FSH?

A

FSH acts on testes and ovaries and regulates growth, development, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.

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35
Q

Where is the luteinizing hormone stimulated?

A

The LH is stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone.

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36
Q

Where is LH synthesized and secreted?

A

LH is synthesized and secreted from gonadotropes.

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37
Q

What are the physiological effects of hormone of LH?

A

LH helps control menstrual cycle in women and triggers egg release from ovary. Plays an important in sexual development and functioning. Helps develop sperm in men

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38
Q

Where is the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulated?

A

Stimulated throughout childhood for growth.

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39
Q

Where is the TRH synthesized and secreted?

A

TRH is synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus and released into hypophyseal portal system.

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40
Q

What are the physiological effects of TRH?

A

It acts on thyrotrophs.

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41
Q

What stimulates the corticotropin releasing hormone?

A

Stress stimulates the release.

42
Q

Where is the CRH synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus.

43
Q

What are the physiological effects of CRH?

A

It stimulates the release of ACTH.

44
Q

Where is the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesized and secreted?

A

GHRL is synthesized in hypothalamus and secreted into posterior pituitary.

45
Q

What are the physiological effects of GHRH?

A

It causes the release of growth hormone

46
Q

Where is the growth hormone inhibiting hormone synthesized (GHIH) and secreted?

A

It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted into anterior pituitary gland. Also synthesized by delta cells of pancreas.

47
Q

The prolactin inhibiting hormone/factor (dopamine) synthesis is inhibited

A

during lactation

48
Q

Where is the prolactin inhibiting hormone/factor synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized and secreted from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands.

49
Q

What are the physiological effects of PIH/PIF?

A

It prevents secretion of prolactin.

50
Q

What stimulates the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

GnRH is stimulated by increasing levels of estradiol in women

51
Q

Where is GnRH synthesized and secreted?

A

GnRH is synthesized in hypothalamus and secreted into anterior pituitary

52
Q

What are the physiological effects of GnRH?

A

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH

53
Q

What inhibits melatonin?

A

Sunlight inhibits production of melatonin.

54
Q

Where is melatonin produced and secreted by?

A

Pineal gland

55
Q

What are the physiological effects of melatonin?

A

regulates sleep cycle

56
Q

Somatomedins are stimulated by?

A

Somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) are stimulated release by growth hormones

57
Q

Somatomedins are synthesized and secreted by?

A

Liver

58
Q

What are the physiological effects of somatomedins?

A

Binds to insulin receptor and promotes cellular metabolism, prevents cell death, and promotes cell division and differentiation throughout the body

59
Q

What are the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) stimulated by?

A

Thyroid hormones are stimulated by TSH. Inhibition is when TSH doesn’t stimulate the thyroid gland

60
Q

Where are the thyroid hormones synthesized and secreted?

A

They are synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland

61
Q

What are the physiological effects of the thyroid hormones?

A

Helps provide glucose levels to the body under stress.

62
Q

What are the parathyroid hormones stimulated/inhibited by?

A

Stimulated by low levels of calcium levels and inhibited by high levels of calcium levels

63
Q

Where are the parathyroid hormones synthesized and secreted?

A

They are synthesized and secreted by parathyroid gland

64
Q

What are the physiological effects of the parathyroid hormone?

A

They stimulate osteoclast activity in order to increase calcium levels.

65
Q

What is calcitonin stimulated by?

A

Calcitonin is stimulated by high levels of calcium in blood.

66
Q

Where is calcitonin synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized and secreted by parafollicular/chief cells in the thyroid gland.

67
Q

What are the physiological effects of calcitonin?

A

It lowers the levels of calcium.

68
Q

What stimulates aldosterone?

A

Low blood volume stimulates secretion.

69
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized in the zona glomerulosa in adrenal cortex in adrenal medulla.

70
Q

What are the physiological effects of aldosterone?

A

It increases sodium levels and blood volume while decreasing potassium levels.

71
Q

What is cortisol stimulated by?

A

ACTH

72
Q

Where is cortisol synthesized and secreted?

A

It is synthesized in zona fasiculata in adrenal cortex of adrenal glands

73
Q

What are the physiological effects of cortisol?

A

Increase glucose production by liver and increasing protein breakdown as well as fat breakdown. Suppression of immune responses, inhibits bone formation, maintains/promotes increases in GFR, anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting production of many inflammatory mediators.

74
Q

What stimulates epinephrine (adrenaline)/noepinephrine (noradrenalin)?

A

Stimulated release is caused by physical threat, stress, excitement, noise, and bright lights.

75
Q

Where is epinephrine synthesized and secreted?

A

Synthesized and secreted from adrenal medulla

76
Q

What are the physiological effects of epinephrine?

A

Helps increase heart rate.

77
Q

What stimulates insulin?

A

Insulin is stimulated by high glucose levels and inhibited by low glucose levels.

78
Q

Where is insulin synthesized and secreted?

A

Synthesized in beta cells of pancreas.

79
Q

Physiological effects of insulin?

A

helps cells take up more glucose

80
Q

Glucagon stimulated by?

A

Stimulated by low glucose levels or fasting

81
Q

Where is glucagon synthesized and secreted?

A

Synthesized by alpha cells of pancreas

82
Q

Physiological effects of glucagon?

A

Helps increase glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and glycogenolysis. Goal is to increase glucose levels.

83
Q

Endocrine hyperfunction

A

more secretion of a hormone

84
Q

Hyperfunction - Tumor

A

Excess hormone being produced by due to tumor in gland

85
Q

Hyperfunction - Autoimmune stimulation

A

Grave’s disease where autoimmune system produces antibodies that activates TSH on thyroid glands

86
Q

Hyperfunction - Ectopic production of hormone

A

hormones being producd elsewhere in body is increased due to tumors. Carcinoma in lungs for example can lead to increased secretion in ACTH and ADH.

87
Q

Hyperfunction - Iatrogenic/Factictious problems

A

Iatrogenic is intentional administration of a hormone which can lead to increased secretion.

Factitious is exogenous administration of a hormone by patient without any knowledge.

88
Q

Endocrine hypofunction

A

less secretion of a hormone

89
Q

Hypofunction

A

destruction of endocrine tissue

90
Q

Hypofunction - autoimmune phenomenon

A

antibodies produce against target organ leading to destruction

  • genetic predisposition
  • some sort of environmental “trigger”
91
Q

Neoplasms

A

nonproducing cancerous tissues invade which leads to destruction

92
Q

Ischemia/infarction/inflammatory disease/infiltrative disease

A

diminished function, injury and/or destruction of hormone-producing cells

93
Q

Sheehan’s syndrome

A

disorder of postpartum pituitary necrosis or infarction

hypofunction

94
Q

Pancreatitis

A

chronic pancreatitis develop transient type 1 diabetes mellitus from insufficient insulin secretion

(hypofunction)

95
Q

Hemochromotosis

A

too much iron in the blood

hypofunction

96
Q

Trauma/removal of endocrine tissue

A

Removal due to injury or tumor

97
Q

Lack of endocrine gland development during embryogenesis

A

endocrine glands fail to develop properly

98
Q

Defects in hormone biosynthesis

A

congenital defects which leas to a result of mutations on genes that encode hormones or hormone-producing enzymes

99
Q

Primary endocrine disorder

A

problem with the gland

100
Q

Secondary endocrine disorder

A

problem with the pituitary

101
Q

Tertiary endocrine disorder

A

problem with the hypothalamus

Endocrine (6 decks)

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