Section 2: Chapter 7

Question 1

Expansion of Mass Media- TELEVISION (7)

Answer 1

1961: 75% homes had one — 1971: 91%
Uniformity of culture
Ended isolation of distant communities in rural areas
Colour TV introduced in 1970s
Programmes expanded from 3 channels to include news, sports, comedy
Hugh Greene (BBC) directed money from radio to TV and revised guidelines on nudity, swearing etc
Launch of ITV in 1955 allowed advertising to expand- consumerism expanded

Question 2

Expansion of Mass Media- RADIO (5)

Answer 2

Survived TV by portable transistors and car radios
Teens no longer had to listen to same stuff as parents
Beg. of 1960s only 3 stations so commercial enterprise seized gap in market
‘Pirate stations’ 1964 Radio Luxembourg (no licence)
Marine Broadcast Act 1967 banned pirate radio and BBC used DJs for own pop stations

Question 3

Expansion of Mass Media- NEWSPAPERS (4)

Answer 3

The Sun: 1964 target audience of women and teens
Private Eye: satirical magazine had column dedicated to Wilson’s wife
Wilson felt he was being treated unfairly by Private Eye
After Wilson’s refusal to denounce American policy in Vietnam, PE made a magazine about it

Question 4

Growth in Leisure Activities: HOBBIES (4)

Answer 4

TV accounted for 23% of leisure time in 1969
DIY, gardening, knitting, needlework became easier with new gadgetry
TV also promoted the new hobbies
Not everything improved, live theatre, sports events, etc shrank

Question 5

Growth in Leisure Activities: CAR OWNERSHIP (4)

Answer 5

Accelerated rapidly in 60s
Use of cars in 1954- 39% to 77% in 1974
Also meant travel to alternate shopping centres, leisure facilities as well as caravanning, sailing, golf
Providers of leisure equipment found it was profitable

Question 6

Growth in Leisure Activities: HOLIDAYS (5)

Answer 6

Caravan Club: membership doubled
New places for holidaying: Devon, Cornwall
Clashes in Blackpool between teens & traditional families + sewage being dumped on beach
Vacation packages abroad took over- Spain at number one £20
Between 1966 and 1971, holidays abroad rose from 4%-8.4%

Question 7

Impacts of Scientific Development: CONCORDE & POST OFFICE TOWER (2)

Answer 7

Anglo-French partnership but was soon abandoned
Was tallest building in Britain in 1965 in hope of improving telecommunications

Question 8

Impacts of Scientific Development: ORDINARY PEOPLE (5)

Answer 8

Gardens: hovercraft technology
X-ray machines improved, antibacterial drugs, hearing aids
Polyethylene- electrical equipment
Polythene- wrap food
PVC- clothing

Question 9

Impacts of Scientific Development: COMPUTERS

Answer 9

Potential recognised
Govt. increased spending on non-military scientific research and beat other European countries

Question 10

Reduction in Censorship: THEATRE (4)

Answer 10

New plays had to gain licence from Lord Chamberlain’s office and if deemed inappropriate, banned
Royal Court Theatre in London, centre of innovation
After play banned, act introduced to stop censorship by Strauss and Jenkins passed in 1868
Removal of censorship permitted nudity on stage (Hair)

Question 11

Reduction in Censorship: END OF DECADE (3)

Answer 11

Screen violence, sex became more acceptable and more explicit
Didn’t create wave of decadence and largely legitimised changes already taken place
As 1960s progressed, issues of sex, violence, politics, religion were tackled after being censored

Question 12

Progress Towards Female Equality: ATTITUDES IN THE 60s (2)

Answer 12

Women expected to be good wife and mother
Keep clean home and feed children and husband

Question 13

Progress Towards Female Equality: FEMALE EDUCATION (3)

Answer 13

Domestic slant
Girls frequently left school at minimum age and married young
No shortage of jobs for women but were mostly clerical and service jobs

Question 14

Progress Towards Female Equality: SECOND WAVE FEMINISM (5)

Answer 14

Betty Friedman (America)
1963 argued women were unfulfilled w. restricted lives which spread to Britain
Growth in female education contributed to growing frustrations
Few made it to top professions
Women accounted for 28% students in higher education in 1970

Question 15

Progress Towards Female Equality: IMPACT OF FEMINISM MOVEMENT (4)

Answer 15

Encouraged by publication of articles and books exploring position of women
Women’s lib group sprang up in UK to campaign for social and economic equality
Dagenham Strike: Ford company paid women 85% of men’s wages compared to 92% in other plants
Barbara Castle: equal pay proposals in Prices & Income Bill before 1970 General election to come into effect in 1975

Question 16

Progress Towards Female Equality: LIBERATION ON PREGNANCY & DIVORCE (4)

Answer 16

Introduction of female contraceptive pill in 1961- women control over own fertility
NHS (Family Planning) Act of 1967 allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and advice
Number of illegitimate births rose from 5.8% to 8.2% in 1960 & 1970
Number of marriages ending in divorce also rose

Question 17

Progress Towards Female Equality: HOW MUCH PROGRESS WAS MADE? (4)

Answer 17

1970 Matrimonial Act established work of wife should be taken into account in divorces
1970 Equal Pay Act established principle of equal pay for equal work in effect 1975
Little headway: inequality, discrimination still existed, stereotypes remained
Was a time of evolution nor revolution

Question 18

Progress Towards Female Equality: NATIONAL WOMEN’S LIBERATION CONFERENCE (5)

Answer 18

1970
4 demands:
- equal pay
- free contraception & abortion on request
- equal education & job opportunities
- free 24/7 childcare

Question 19

Progress Towards Female Equality: GERMAINE GREER- FEMALE EUNUCH (3)

Answer 19

Published in 1970- inspired women to challenge ties binding them to inequality & even broke marriages
‘Call for revolution’
Demand for better education and challenge men’s ownership & blamed women for men’s misogyny

Question 20

Changes in Moral Attitudes & ‘Permissive’ Society: ANNUS MIRABILIS (3)

Answer 20

Philip Larkins
Links 1960 to birth of permissive society, time of general sexual liberation, changes in public & private morals
Critics used term in negative way

Question 21

Changes in Moral Attitudes & ‘Permissive’ Society: PERMISSIVE IDEAS SPREAD BY MEDIA (3)

Answer 21

1. Teen magazines
2. Uncensored novels
3. Radio, television, books

Question 22

Changes in Moral Attitudes & ‘Permissive’ Society: SPREAD OF DRUGS (5)

Answer 22

Cocaine & heroin addiction became 10x more prevalent in 1960-65
Use of soft drugs more commonplace
Hippy lifestyle promoted drug culture (included Beatles)
Dangerous Drug Act 1967 made it unlawful to possess cannabis and cocaine
1970 max sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 years

Question 23

Changes in Moral Attitudes & ‘Permissive’ Society: REACTION TO THE PILL (3)

Answer 23

Catholic Church: hostile to God’s law
Not all prominent Catholics agreed
Catholic MP St John-Stevas wrote critical essay in 1968 called ‘pope, pill and the people’

Question 24

Changes in Moral Attitudes & ‘Permissive’ Society: MARY WHITEHOUSE (4)

Answer 24

Moral crusade in 1963 as a Birmingham housewife
Set up Clean Up TV campaign in 1964 (National Viewers & Listeners Assocciation (1966))
Moral campaigner for strict moral code and against mass culture & modern consumerism
Failed to have any impact on programmes that were shown

Question 25

Youth Culture: QUESTIONING CONFORMITY (3)

Answer 25

Younger generations gained more confidence
More leisure time gave youth opportunities to explore
Groups of varying sprang up- contradicted those from before as behaviours and attitudes to society changed dramatically

Question 26

Youth Culture: TEENS VS PARENTS (4)

Answer 26

Youth clashed w. their parents over fashion, music, moral standards
Huge contradiction over sex & drugs which were popular in 60s and common among youth
Cause concern among parents as well as drastic change in short period of time
More extreme clashes- working older so longer childhoods and more freedom

Question 27

Youth Culture: TEENAGE PROMISCUITY & DRUG TAKING (3)

Answer 27

May have been more common than previous generations
Teens spent more time at home than in clubs
Tobacco, alcohol and caffeine used far more in youth than drugs

Question 28

Youth Culture: CHANGING FASHIONS (3)

Answer 28

London considered to be fashion capital of world as revolutionary styles evolved
Women began to wear trousers, men wore bright colours
Trends became more extreme and accelerated away from previous styles

Question 29

Youth Culture: POPULAR MUSIC (4)

Answer 29

Pop music on pirate radios or BBC One
TV had programmes such as ‘Ready Steady Go!’ and ‘Top of the Pops’
Helped spread latest trends
New tech enabled cheap record players made it available to all

Question 30

Youth Culture: YOUTH SUBCULTURES (2)

Answer 30

Skinheads- shaven heads, braces, Dr Marten boots evolved from Mods
Hippies- rejected social convention and embraced ‘flower power’

Question 31

Anti- Vietnam War Riots: SUMMARY & BRITISH POLICY (4)

Answer 31

Harold Wilson pro American
Needed US backing economically against communism
US wanted troops from Britain to help cause
Wilson gave moral support but not military assistance which neither pleased US or British majority

Question 32

Anti- Vietnam War Riots: POLITICAL ACTIVISM (3)

Answer 32

Youth culture and political activism merged in opposition to war
Teach-ins held at night to educate public on conflict in Vietnam
Uni students supported Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) which opposed the conflict

Question 33

Anti- Vietnam War Riots: PROTESTS 1968 (5)

Answer 33

17th March: violent scenes in London near American Embassy in Grosvenor Square
28th March: Battle of Grosvenor Square- 200 arrested
October: 30,000 took part and was peaceful compared to others
MPs were physically attacked, verbally abused
Around the World: USA, France, Australia, Italy & other eastern communist countries (also for other civil rights)