section 2 - 2A - Gender inequality Flashcards
MMR
Maternal mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
Death of a women while pregnant to nothing 42days of termination of pregnancy
MMR is the annual no.of deaths per 100,000 live births
2013 - 289,000 women died during and following pregnant and childbirth
Most deaths in developing countries
Worst affected - sub-saharan
Lowest figs - developed countries = better health care
influences on MMR globally
Access to treatments for pregnancy and brith complications - emergency care
Quality of medical services - provisions of skilled attendance at birth
Level of political commitment and gov investment
Availability of information and education
Poverty - some countries require payment
Gender inequality
protection for women (3)
The convention on elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW)
International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights
Regional treaties and the laws of individual states
He For She campaign - Emma Watson
All invited and are ‘free’
No country = gender equality by 2014
16M child brides
50% of girls no secondary education
capital punishment
death penalty = denial of ones right to life
Amnesty international: 2014 - 607 executions
gender inequality
Unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
Typically women don’t have the same rights and opportunities because of gender
examples of gender inequality
forced marriages trafficking to forced labour access to education & HC employment opportunities wages inequality violence
forced marriages
- involving children
- for money, rejection can cause horrific events.
- 1/3 of girls are married before 18
- Age 12 girls considered adults - she’s independent
- Age 14 - married
- Age 15 - pregnant, child birth, poverty, HIV, prostitution
Ex - Pakistan
trafficking into forced labour
including sex slavery
defenceless women
ex - Libya = sex slavery as form of payment
denied access to education and health care
No education = cultural choice
VTA on tampons - example of men vs women as men are in power
employment differences and political participation - examples
Cabinet unbalanced - more men than women substantially
BBC had inequality in pay between women and men - forced to change
wage equality for similar work to men
Stereotype jobs = scapegoats pay less
Historically men jobs = bigger salary because they were the ones who provided
Violence and discrimination against women - examples
Female discrimination as cultural devices
Domestic abuse accepted
Access to reproductive health services
Equality between both contraception pill and condoms
MDG’s Millennium Dev Goals
Was an attempt to help women education/ lives
Improving female empowerment and gender equality
Female education and health care
Set up 2000 -> extended 2010 -> 2015 still not completed
Raised profile
what has the UN established?
CEDAW:
- reinforce norms to outlaw gender discrimination
what has NGOs set up to protect womens’ rights
International centre for Research on Women (ICRW)
education opportunities explaining variations in the pattern of gender inequality
- education favours men
- improvements in: female enrolment into primary education by MDG
- challenges: rural poor countries girls excluded and obstacles to secondary school
- secondary school attendance: 47% of female pop and 56% of Male pop in south Asia
female empowerment through female education
- helps women move into labour market increasing production capacity of labour force
- poverty reduction: educations aids fertility rates, population growth rates and infant morality rates fallen
what did the UN establish for female education
- the girl’s education initiative for which UNICEF was lead agency
factors influencing female educational participation in developing countries
- costs of secondary education = girls suffer over boys
- household obligations fall to eldest girl
- patriarchal systems - domesticated education
- discrimination in classrooms
- inadequate sanitation
- insufficient number of female teachers
- pregnancy
- insufficient government investment
what are the factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries?
- sexual violence
- gender bias in education and access to information
- lack of empowerment in family sizes and spacing between pregnancies
- forced marriage at young age
- high young pregnancies
- STDs - HIV
- harmful practices - FGM
what are the affecting factors related to?
cultural practices
- FGM
how are human rights being violated with in terms of female access to reproductive health services?
- denied access = lack of information and education
- resulting in unsafe sex and multiple pregnancies
obstacles interlinked with issues of a lack of access to reproductive health;th service
- early forced marriages and early child bearing
- 1 in 3 teenagers marry before 18 and 1in9 before 15
- approx 20,000 births to girls under 18
- cascading to their lives: education stops, job prospects diminish, vulnerable to poverty, exclusion and health problems
- MMR is high
how have international organisations and charities attempted ti resolve these issues?
- the office of the high commissioner for human rights
- on the ground work of NGO’s: ICRW, Amref Health Africa and Womankind
employment opportunities explaining variations in the pattern of gender inequality
- labour force participation rate measures equality of the ratio of females and males within working population
- varying results but clear overall of limited female participation
- countries with a high HDI have a high labour force participation rate (UK, USA, Switzerland
what are the factors affecting the spatial variations of female participation globally?
- social norms
- cultural beliefs
- level of gov and company support (child care)
- equal opportunity safeguarded by law
- social acceptance of women as contributor
- gender-bias shape social norms
- levels of discrimination by employers
