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paper 2 - GEOG - human rights > section 2 - 2A - Gender inequality > Flashcards

section 2 - 2A - Gender inequality Flashcards

1
Q

MMR

A

Maternal mortality rate

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2
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

Death of a women while pregnant to nothing 42days of termination of pregnancy

MMR is the annual no.of deaths per 100,000 live births

2013 - 289,000 women died during and following pregnant and childbirth

Most deaths in developing countries
Worst affected - sub-saharan

Lowest figs - developed countries = better health care

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3
Q

influences on MMR globally

A

Access to treatments for pregnancy and brith complications - emergency care

Quality of medical services - provisions of skilled attendance at birth

Level of political commitment and gov investment

Availability of information and education

Poverty - some countries require payment

Gender inequality

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4
Q

protection for women (3)

A

The convention on elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW)

International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights

Regional treaties and the laws of individual states

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5
Q

He For She campaign - Emma Watson

A

All invited and are ‘free’
No country = gender equality by 2014

16M child brides

50% of girls no secondary education

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6
Q

capital punishment

A

death penalty = denial of ones right to life

Amnesty international: 2014 - 607 executions

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7
Q

gender inequality

A

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender

Typically women don’t have the same rights and opportunities because of gender

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8
Q

examples of gender inequality

A 
forced marriages 
trafficking to forced labour 
access to education & HC 
employment opportunities 
wages inequality 
violence
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9
Q

forced marriages

A
  • involving children
  • for money, rejection can cause horrific events.
  • 1/3 of girls are married before 18
  • Age 12 girls considered adults - she’s independent
  • Age 14 - married
  • Age 15 - pregnant, child birth, poverty, HIV, prostitution
    Ex - Pakistan
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10
Q

trafficking into forced labour

A

including sex slavery
defenceless women
ex - Libya = sex slavery as form of payment

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11
Q

denied access to education and health care

A

No education = cultural choice

VTA on tampons - example of men vs women as men are in power

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12
Q

employment differences and political participation - examples

A

Cabinet unbalanced - more men than women substantially

BBC had inequality in pay between women and men - forced to change

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13
Q

wage equality for similar work to men

A

Stereotype jobs = scapegoats pay less

Historically men jobs = bigger salary because they were the ones who provided

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14
Q

Violence and discrimination against women - examples

A

Female discrimination as cultural devices
Domestic abuse accepted
Access to reproductive health services
Equality between both contraception pill and condoms

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15
Q

MDG’s Millennium Dev Goals

A

Was an attempt to help women education/ lives
Improving female empowerment and gender equality
Female education and health care
Set up 2000 -> extended 2010 -> 2015 still not completed
Raised profile

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16
Q

what has the UN established?

A

CEDAW:

- reinforce norms to outlaw gender discrimination

17
Q

what has NGOs set up to protect womens’ rights

A

International centre for Research on Women (ICRW)

18
Q

education opportunities explaining variations in the pattern of gender inequality

A
  • education favours men
  • improvements in: female enrolment into primary education by MDG
  • challenges: rural poor countries girls excluded and obstacles to secondary school
  • secondary school attendance: 47% of female pop and 56% of Male pop in south Asia
19
Q

female empowerment through female education

A
  • helps women move into labour market increasing production capacity of labour force
  • poverty reduction: educations aids fertility rates, population growth rates and infant morality rates fallen
20
Q

what did the UN establish for female education

A
  • the girl’s education initiative for which UNICEF was lead agency
21
Q

factors influencing female educational participation in developing countries

A
  • costs of secondary education = girls suffer over boys
  • household obligations fall to eldest girl
  • patriarchal systems - domesticated education
  • discrimination in classrooms
  • inadequate sanitation
  • insufficient number of female teachers
  • pregnancy
  • insufficient government investment
22
Q

what are the factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries?

A
  • sexual violence
  • gender bias in education and access to information
  • lack of empowerment in family sizes and spacing between pregnancies
  • forced marriage at young age
  • high young pregnancies
  • STDs - HIV
  • harmful practices - FGM
23
Q

what are the affecting factors related to?

A

cultural practices

- FGM

24
Q

how are human rights being violated with in terms of female access to reproductive health services?

A
  • denied access = lack of information and education

- resulting in unsafe sex and multiple pregnancies

25
Q

obstacles interlinked with issues of a lack of access to reproductive health;th service

A
  • early forced marriages and early child bearing
  • 1 in 3 teenagers marry before 18 and 1in9 before 15
  • approx 20,000 births to girls under 18
  • cascading to their lives: education stops, job prospects diminish, vulnerable to poverty, exclusion and health problems
  • MMR is high
26
Q

how have international organisations and charities attempted ti resolve these issues?

A
  • the office of the high commissioner for human rights

- on the ground work of NGO’s: ICRW, Amref Health Africa and Womankind

27
Q

employment opportunities explaining variations in the pattern of gender inequality

A
  • labour force participation rate measures equality of the ratio of females and males within working population
  • varying results but clear overall of limited female participation
  • countries with a high HDI have a high labour force participation rate (UK, USA, Switzerland
28
Q

what are the factors affecting the spatial variations of female participation globally?

A
  • social norms
  • cultural beliefs
  • level of gov and company support (child care)
  • equal opportunity safeguarded by law
  • social acceptance of women as contributor
  • gender-bias shape social norms
  • levels of discrimination by employers

paper 2 - GEOG - human rights (9 decks)

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