Section 2

Question 1

How does Intracrine signaling work?

Answer 1

Signaling within the cell. The signal never leaves the cell.

Question 2

What is the delivery pathway for the signal in endocrine and neuroendocrine chemical signaling?

Answer 2

The bloodstream

Question 3

What is the RMP?

Answer 3

Resting Membrane Potential = -50 to -70mV

Question 4

At rest, neurons are permeable to what?

Answer 4

K+ (potassium)

Question 5

At rest, how does K+ get into the cell?

Answer 5

voltage-INDEPENDENT “leak” K+ channels

Question 6

What is the current defined by?

Answer 6

the direction in which positive charge flows (aka Convention)

Question 7

Which way does K+ and Na+ move during a current?

Answer 7

Na+ = in & K+ = out

Question 8

Intracellular K+

Answer 8

140

Question 9

Intracellular Na+

Answer 9

15

Question 10

Intracellular Cl-

Answer 10

30

Question 11

Intracellular Ca2+

Answer 11

0.0001

Question 12

Extracellular K+

Answer 12

5

Question 13

Extracellular Na+

Answer 13

145

Question 14

Extracellular Cl-

Answer 14

110

Question 15

Extracellular Ca2+

Answer 15

2

Question 16

What equation is like the Nernst equation but takes into account the relative permeabilites?

Answer 16

Goldman Equation

Question 17

How many K+ are pumped for every Na+?

Answer 17

2K+ for every 3Na+

Question 18

What is happening during the rising phase of an action potential?

Answer 18

Na+ influx inward (fast depolarization)

Question 19

What is happening during the falling phase of an action potential?

Answer 19

K+ efflux outward (repolarization)

Question 20

What happens up stream of an action potential?

Answer 20

1. Na+ channels are inactivated

2. K+ channels open

Question 21

What happens to the action potential when tetrodotoxin is brought into the picture?

Answer 21

action potential is inhibited

Question 22

What triggers synaptic neurotransmitter release by promoting protein interaction and fusion of NT vesicle and the presynaptic membrane?

Answer 22

calcium

Question 23

What kind of synapse allow direct coupling between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes via gap junctions?

Answer 23

Electrical synapse (found in heart muscle)

Question 24

What is the NT that is always between the 1st and 2nd neuron?

Answer 24

ACh

Question 25

What is the neuroanatomy of the Sypathetic system?

Answer 25

thoracolumbar

Question 26

What is the neroanatomy of the parasympathetic system?

Answer 26

craniosacral

Question 27

What organs have only sympathetic innervation?

Answer 27

adrenal medulla, peripheral blood vessels, pilomotor muscles, and sweat glands

Question 28

For the sympathetic nervous system are the preganglionic fibers long or short?

Answer 28

short (opposite for Parasymp) and postganglionic fibers

Question 29

What second neurons use ACh as the NT?

Answer 29

1. Cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals (Parasymp.)
2. Sweat glands (Sympathetic) = symp. cholinergic
3. Somatic skeletal muscle

Question 30

What second neurons use NE as the NT? (released from the adrenal medulla)

Answer 30

Cardiac smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals (Sympathetic)

Question 31

What second neurons use Dopamine as the NT?

Answer 31

Renal vascular smooth muscle (sympathetic)

Question 32

What does COMT do?

Answer 32

inactivates metabolites

Question 33

What drug inhibits VMAT (transports NE back into vessicle)?

Answer 33

Reserpine

Question 34

What drug inhibits Tyr –> Dopa? (tyrosine hydroxylase)

Answer 34

Metyrosine

Question 35

What is the name of the transporter that recycles NE back into the pre-synaptic cell?

Answer 35

NET

Question 36

What inhibits NET?

Answer 36

Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants & amphetamines

Question 37

What inhibits fusion of the vessicle to the end of the pre-synaptic cell?

Answer 37

Bretylium, guanethidine