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WGU D312 - Anatomy and Physiology I > Section 1.2.2 Cell Transport > Flashcards

Section 1.2.2 Cell Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic structure of the cell membrane?

A

Lipid Bilayer Structure

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2
Q

What type of interior does the cell membrane have?

A

Hydrophobic (nonpolar) interior

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3
Q

Which substances can pass through the lipid bilayer unaided?

A

Relatively small, nonpolar materials, such as other lipids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol

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4
Q

What are the two general methods for substances to move through the cell membrane?

A

Passive transport
and
Active transport

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5
Q

This form of transport does not require cellular energy

A

Passive Transport

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6
Q

This type of transport requires energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Active Transport

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7
Q

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space.

A

Concentration gradient

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8
Q

How do molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient?

A

Down their concentration gradient - From areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

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9
Q

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

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10
Q

What would increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temperature

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11
Q

Why does oxygen typically diffuse into cells?

A

It is more concentrated outside the cells compared to inside.

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12
Q

Why does carbon dioxide typically diffuse out of cells?

A

It is more concentrated inside the cells compared to outside.

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13
Q

A form of passive transport where molecules move across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without using energy.

A

Simple diffusion

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14
Q

The process by which substances that cannot easily cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, or polarity are transported across the cell membrane via protein channels or specialized transport mechanisms.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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15
Q

The movement of glucose into the cell is an example of ___________ ___________.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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16
Q

_________ is both large and polar, which prevents it from crossing the lipid bilayer directly.

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Glucose is transported into the cell by a specialized carrier protein called the ________ ____________, which facilitates its inward diffusion.

A

Glucose Transporter

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18
Q

Charged atoms or molecules are repelled by the __________ ____ in the interior of the phospholipid bilayer.

A

Nonpolar Tails

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19
Q

_______ ___________ are hydrophilic and repelled by the nonpolar tails in the interior of the phospholipid bilayer.

A

Large polar
or
Ionic Molecules

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20
Q

What polar molecules can cross the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion due to their size?

A

Very small polar molecules

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21
Q

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient.

A

Osmosis

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22
Q

This solution has the same concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell, so the concentration of water molecules is equal on both sides of the cell membrane.

A

Isotonic Solution

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23
Q

This solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

A

Hypertonic Solution

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24
Q

This solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

A

Hypotonic Solution

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25
Q

In this solution, cells will take on too much water, swell, and potentially burst due to the influx of water.

A

Hypotonic Solution

26
Q

In this solution, cells will shrivel as water leaves the cell via osmosis.

A

Hypertonic Solution

27
Q

In this solution, cells maintain their normal shape and function in an isotonic environment.

A

Isotonic Solution

28
Q

The process of moving fluid and solutes from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area using a hydrostatic pressure gradient.

A

Filtration

29
Q

This type of transport requires ATP to move substances across a membrane, often against their concentration gradient.

A

Active transport

30
Q

Often referred to as pumps, use energy from ATP to transport substances across the membrane, usually against their concentration gradients.

A

Membrane Proteins

31
Q

Transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, maintaining the necessary ion balance across the cell membrane.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

32
Q

Maintains the electrical gradient across the cell membrane, which is crucial for nerve cell function and electrical signaling.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

33
Q

A difference in electrical charge across a space, such as between the inside and outside of a cell.

A

Electrical gradient

34
Q

Accounts for the majority of ATP usage in nerve cells due to its critical role in maintaining the electrical gradient.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

35
Q

Occurs when the energy from an active transport pump is used to drive the passive transport of another substance via a concentration gradient.

A

Secondary Active Transport

36
Q

Secondary active transporters that move two substances in the same direction.

A

Symporters

37
Q

Secondary active transport systems that transport substances in opposite directions.

A

Antiporters

38
Q

The process by which a cell ingests material by enveloping it with a portion of its cell membrane, which then pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

39
Q

A membranous sac, a spherical and hollow organelle bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane.

A

Vesicle

40
Q

A type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs large particles, such as pathogens, which are then digested within the cell.

A

Phagocytosis

41
Q

A type of endocytosis where a cell takes in fluid containing dissolved substances through membrane vesicles.

A

Pinocytosis

42
Q

A selective form of endocytosis where specific substances bind to receptors on the cell membrane, leading to the formation of vesicles containing the receptor-ligand complexes.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

43
Q

The process by which a cell exports material using vesicular transport, where vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release their contents into the interstitial fluid.

A

Exocytosis

44
Q

A specific function of the plasma membrane which allows passage of selected substances into and out of the cell

A

Selective Permeability

45
Q

The movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.

A

Passive Transport

46
Q

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space.

A

Concentration Gradient

47
Q

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

48
Q

The diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

49
Q

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

50
Q

Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes.

A

Isotonic

51
Q

Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

A

Hypertonic Solution

52
Q

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

A

Hypotonic Solution

53
Q

A process in which ATP is required to move a substance across a membrane.

A

Active Transport

54
Q

Transports sodium out of a cell while moving potassium into the cell.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

55
Q

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

A

Electrical Gradient

56
Q

The process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane,

A

Endocytosis

57
Q

Membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

A

Vesicle

58
Q

(“Cell eating”) is the endocytosis of large particles.

A

Phagocytosis

59
Q

(“Cell drinking”) brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles.

A

Pinocytosis

60
Q

Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

61
Q

The process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport

A

Exocytosis

WGU D312 - Anatomy and Physiology I (4 decks)

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