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WGU D312 - Anatomy and Physiology I > Section 1.2.1 Cellular Structures of the Body > Flashcards

Section 1.2.1 Cellular Structures of the Body Flashcards

Cell Structure

1
Q

An extremely pliable structure composed primarily of back-to-back phospholipids (a “bilayer”).

A

Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Contributes to the fluidity of the cell membrane

A

Cholesterol

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3
Q

Two different types of proteins that are commonly associated with the cell membrane

A

Integral Proteins
and
Peripheral Protein

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4
Q

A protein that is embedded in the cell membrane

A

Integral Protein

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5
Q

These proteins serve to mark a cell’s identity so that it can be recognized by other cells.

A

Cell Recognition Proteins

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6
Q

A type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the cell.

A

Receptor

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7
Q

The specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor.

A

Ligand

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8
Q

A protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular matrix.

A

Glycoprotein

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9
Q

A fuzzy-appearing coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane.

A

Glycocalyx

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10
Q

These proteins typically perform a specific function for the cell.

A

Peripheral Proteins

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11
Q

These proteins are typically found on the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral Proteins

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12
Q

The jelly-like substance within the cell, provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions.

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

The organelles and cytosol, taken together, compose the cell’s ___________.

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

A cell’s organelle that contains the DNA

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

A set of three major organelles together form a system within the cell called the _____________ _________.

A

Endomembrane System

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16
Q

Name the the three organelles of the Endomembrane System

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles.

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17
Q

A system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane (or “envelope”) covering the nucleus and composed of the same lipid bilayer material.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Provides passages throughout much of the cell that function in transporting, synthesizing, and storing materials.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

An organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosome

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20
Q

Metabolizes some carbohydrates and performs a detoxification role, breaking down certain toxins.

A

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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21
Q

Synthesizes phospholipids, the main component of biological membranes, as well as steroid hormones.

A

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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22
Q

Sequesters (i.e., stores) and regulates the concentration of cellular calcium (Ca++)

A

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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23
Q

Has a membrane dotted with embedded ribosomes, giving the it a bumpy appearance.

A

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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24
Q

Synthesizes and modifies proteins destined for the cell membrane or for export from the cell.

A

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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25
Responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
26
Looks like stacked flattened discs, almost like stacks of oddly shaped pancakes.
Golgi Apparatus
27
Accounts for over half the total volume of a cell
Cytosol
28
An organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components, such as a damaged organelle.
Lysosomes
29
The process of a cell digesting its own structures.
Autophagy
30
An organelle that breaks down foreign material
Lysosomes
31
The process in the case of damaged or unhealthy cells, when lysosomes are triggered to open up and release their digestive enzymes into the cytoplasm of the cell, killing the cell.
Autolysis
32
A membranous, bean-shaped organelle that is the “energy transformer” or "power house" of the cell.
Mitochondria (plural) Mitochondrion (sigular)
33
Perform a couple of different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification.
Peroxisomes
34
the term used to describe damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Oxidative Stress
35
A change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA, potentially altering the protein coded by that gene.
Mutation
36
A group of fibrous proteins that provide structural support for cells
Cytoskeleton
37
Critical for cell motility, cell reproduction, and transportation of substances within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
38
These organelles move rhythmically; they beat constantly, moving waste materials such as dust, mucus, and bacteria upward through the airways.
Cilia
39
a structural filament composed of subunits of a protein called tubulin
Microtubule
40
maintain cell shape and structure, help resist compression of the cell, and play a role in positioning the organelles within the cell.
Microtubule
41
These organelles move rhythmically; they beat constantly, moving egg cells from the ovary towards the uterus.
Cilia
42
This organelle is an appendage larger than a cilium and specialized for cell locomotion. It is only found on sperm cells.
Flagellum
43
The Three Components of the Cytoskeleton
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filament
44
A cylindrical structure found in cells that helps organize microtubules and is essential for cell division.
Centriole
45
A thin, thread-like structures made of actin protein that form part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells.
Microfilament
46
Interacts with actin filaments to generate contractile forces that drive the formation of the cleavage furrow and facilitate cell division.
Myosin
47
Interacts with myosin to generate contractile forces that drive the formation of the cleavage furrow and facilitate cell division.
Actin filaments
48
Composed of long, fibrous subunits of the protein keratin, which are wound together like threads in a rope.
Intermediate Filament
49
help anchor organelles within a cell and link cells to each other by forming special cell-to-cell junctions.
Intermediate Filament
50
These cytoskeletal components work together to support cell shape and structure, with one resisting compression and the other resisting tension.
Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments
51
Cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA
Nucleus
52
The jelly-like substance in which the cell organelles and nucleus are embedded
Cytoplasm
53
A thin and flexible membrane surrounding the cells that acts as a barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular fluids
Cell Membrane
54
Membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer
Integral Protein
55
Membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances
Channel Protein
56
Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)
Receptor
57
Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule
Ligand
58
Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached
Glycoprotein
59
Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane
Glycocalyx
60
Membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane
Peripheral Proteins
61
The solution or aqueous part within the cytoplasm in which many organelles are suspended
Cytosol
62
Any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell
Organelles
63
A network of membranes that are important for protein and lipid synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
64
Cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
65
A stack of small flat sacs of membranes in the cytoplasm, which prepare protein and fat molecules
Golgi Complex
66
Membrane-bound cell organelles containing digestive enzymes that disintegrate decayed cell parts and may also destroy viruses and bacteria
Lysosomes
67
Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components
Autophagy
68
Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action
Autolysis
69
The powerhouse of the cell that helps in ATP production and storage
Mitochondria (plural) Mitochondrion (sigular)
70
A porous double membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
71
Membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances
Peroxisome
72
A group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
73
Change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA
Mutation
74
“Skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities
Cytoskeleton
75
The thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support
Microtubule
76
Small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface
Cilia
77
Appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement
Flagellum
78
Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division
Centriole
79
The thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support
Microfilament
80

WGU D312 - Anatomy and Physiology I (4 decks)

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