Section 1: Vertebral Osteology, Deep Back Muscles, & Vertebral Canal Contents

Question 1

Typical Vertebrae

Answer 1

Spinous Process (1)
Limina (2)
Superior Articular facet (2)
Inferior Articular facet (2)
Transverse Process (2)
Pedicle (2)
Vertebral foramen (1)
Vertebral Body

Question 2

Cervical Vertebra

Answer 2

1. Small vertebral body with Uncinate Process making Uncovertebral joint of Luscka
2. Large triangular-shaped V.F.
3. Transverse Foramen in center of T.P.
4. Spinous Process is short (C3-C5) and bifid (C3-C6)
5. Anterior tubercle & Posterior tubercle

Question 3

Vertebral Artery and Vein

Answer 3

VA: transverse foramina (C1-C6)
VV: Transverse foramina (C1-C7)

Question 4

Atlas (C1)

Answer 4

Superior Articular facet for occipital condyle
Anterior and posterior tubercle
Foramen transversarium
Forms Atlanto-occipital joint supported by Atlanto-occipital Lig. and Pst. atlanto-occipital membrane

Question 5

Axis (C2)

Answer 5

Superior Articular facets for the Atlas
*Ordontoid process (dens)
Transverse Foramen
Forms Atlanto-Axial Joint

Question 6

Sacrum

Answer 6

Features:
Ala, sacral promontary, sacral canal, medial sacral joint, lateral sacral joint, Sacral Hiatus (covered by sacrococcygeal ligament), Sacral cornus

Question 7

Synovial (Diarthroses) Joint (6)

Answer 7

1. Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder)
2. Hinge Joint (Elbow)
3. Saddle Joint (carpal bones)
4. Pivot Joint (radial/ulna)
5. Gliding Joint (Carpal bones)
6. Condyloid Joint (metacarpal bones)

Question 8

Non-Synovial (synarthroses) joints

Answer 8

1. Fibrous
   a. sutures
   b. gamphosis
   c. syndesmosis
2. Cartilaginous
   a. Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
   b. Symphysis (fibrocartilage)

Question 9

Zygapophysial Joint

Answer 9

Joint between superior and inferior articular processes

Question 10

Vertebral Ligaments (5)

Answer 10

1. Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
2. Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
3. Ligamentum flavum
4. Interspinous ligament
5. Supraspinous ligament

Question 11

Iliocostalis

Answer 11

Or: Broad Tendon (Iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spine)

Ins: Ribs & cervical transverse processes

Inv: Dorsal Primary Rami

BS: Intercostal and lumbar Artery

Action: Bilateral Contraction: extension of vertebral column and head
Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 12

Longissimus

Answer 12

Or: Broad Tendon (Iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spine)

Ins: Mastoid Process, Ribs & cervical transverse processes

Inv: Dorsal Primary Rami

BS: Intercostal and lumbar Artery

Action: Bilateral Contraction: extension of vertebral column and head
Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 13

Spinalis

Answer 13

Or: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7

Ins: Spinous processes and supraspinous ligament of upper lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae

Inv: Dorsal Primary Rami

BS: Intercostal and lumbar Artery

Action:
Bilateral Contraction: extension of vertebral column and head
Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 14

Splenius Capitis

Answer 14

Or: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of of C7-T6 vert.

Ins: Mastoid process and superior nuchal line

Inv: Dorsal Primary Rami

BS: Muscular branches of Aorta (transverse cervical artery and occipital artery?)

Actions:
Bilateral Contraction: Extension of head and neck
Unilateral Contraction: Lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of neck and head

Question 15

Splenius Cervicis

Answer 15

Or: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of of C7-T6 vert.

Ins: Transverse processes of C1-C3

Inv: Dorsal Primary Rami

BS: Transverse cervical artery and occipital artery

Actions:
Bilateral Contraction: Extension of head and neck
Unilateral Contraction: Lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of neck and head

Question 16

Semispinalis

Answer 16

Or: Cervical and thoracic transverse processes

Ins: Occipital bone and spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Inv: Dorsal primary rami

BS: ??

Actions:
Bilateral contraction: extension of head and neck
Unilateral contraction: slight contralateral rotation

Question 17

Need to still make cards for:

Answer 17

Vertebral canal contents