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Biology > Section 1: Variety of organisms > Flashcards

Section 1: Variety of organisms Flashcards

characteristics and variety of living organisms, levels of organisation, cell structure

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1
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of living organisms

A

Movement, reproduction, sensitivity, homeostasis, growth and development respiration, excretion, nutrition

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2
Q

What is sensitivity

A

the ability to respond to a stimulus

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2
Q

what is homeostasis

A

they way an organism can maintain a constant internal environment

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3
Q

what is respiration

A

a chemical reaction by which organisms release energy from food normally using oxygen

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4
Q

what is excretion

A

removing waste products that have been produced by the body such as carbon dioxide and urea, this doesn’t include faeces

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5
Q

What are the organelles within of a plant cell

A

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, nucleus, vacuole

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6
Q

What are the organelles within an animal cell

A

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria

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7
Q

Give a description of the properties of a plant cell

A
  • Can carry out photosynthesis and contain chloroplasts
  • There cell walls are made out of cellulose
    -They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
  • They are multicellular
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8
Q

Give an example of a plant

A

Maize, peas or beans

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9
Q

Give a description of the properties of an animal cell

A
  • they are multicellular
  • they have nervous coordination
  • Store carbohydrates as glycogen
  • cant photosynthesise
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10
Q

What is nervous coordination

A

The ability to respond rapidly to the changes in the environment

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11
Q

What are the organelles within a fungi cell

A

cell membrane, cellwall, cytoplasm, nucleus, food storage granules

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11
Q

Give a description of the properties of a fungi cell

A
  • They can be either single or multicellular
  • Cant photosynthesise
  • Their body is called a mycelium which is made up of thread like structures called hyphae, which contain nuclei
  • Their cell walls are made from chitin
  • they store carbohydrates as glycogen
    -They feed by saprotrophic nutrition
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11
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition

A

When a cell secretes extracellular enzymes into the area outside their body to dissolve their food so they an absorb the nutrients

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12
Q

Give an example of a fungi

A

Yeast (single cellular)
Mucor (multicellular)

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13
Q

What are the organelles within a Protoctist cell

A

nucleus, flagella, mitochondria, food storage granules, cell surface membrane, cell wall, (chloroplasts)

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14
Q

Give a description of the properties of a protoctist cell

A
  • they are single celled microscopic
  • some contain chloroplasts and photosynthesise like a plant cell
  • some are more like animal cells
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15
Q

Give an example of a protoctist

A

amoeba (animal cell like and lives in pond water)
chlorella (plant cell like)
Plasmodium (causes malaria and a pathogen)

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16
Q

What are the organelles within a bacteria cell

A

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, circular chromosome, slime capsule, flagella

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17
Q

Give a description of the properties of a prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria

A
  • they are single celled and microscopic
  • they don’t have a nucleus
  • contain a circular chromosome containing DNA
  • some bacteria can photosynthesise
  • most bacteria feed off other organisms living or dead
18
Q

give an example of a bactreia/prokaryote

A
  • Lactobacillus bulgaricus ( rod shaped and used to turn milk to yoghurt)
  • Pneumococcus (spherical bacterium that causes pneumonia)
  • Plasmodium (A pathogenic example, responsible for causing malaria.)
19
Q

What does the term pathogen mean?

A

A pathogen is an organism which causes disease

20
Q

Different types of pathogens

A

Fungi, protoctists, viruses (not organism) and bacteria

21
Q

Give a description of the properties of a virus

A
  • not living organisms
  • they are parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells
  • they infect every type of living organism
  • they are small particles- smaller than bacteria
22
Q

What is the structure of a virus

A

-Wide variety of shapes and sizes
- no cellular structure
- have a protein coat
- contains either DNA or RNA

23
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

A virus that causes the discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts

24
Q

Give an example of a virus

A
  • Influenza virus that causes flu
  • HIV virus that causes AIDS
25
Q

Nucleus functions

A
  • Controls the cells activities
  • Contains DNA/ chromosomes
26
Q

Cell membrane function

A
  • Forms a barrier between cytoplasm and outside the cell
  • Controls what enters and leaves the cell
27
Q

Cytoplasm functions

A
  • jelly like substance where chemical reaction occur
  • contains enzymes and the cells organelles
28
Q

Mitochondria function

A
  • Carries out aerobic respiration in cells and provides energy for the cell
29
Q

Ribosomes function

A
  • Site where proteins are made in a cell (protein synthesis)
30
Q

Chloroplasts function

A

-Absorb light to make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis
- Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll

31
Q

Vacuole functions

A
  • contains cell sap which is full of dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes
  • surrounded by the vacuole membrane
32
Q

Cell wall functions

A
  • made of carbohydrate called cellulose
  • it is rigid and keeps cell shape
  • fully permable
33
Q

What are similarities between plant and animal cells

A

They both have:
- Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Cell membrane
- Ribosomes

34
Q

What are differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plants have a permanent vacuole whilst animals do not.

Plants have a cell wall whilst animals do not
Plants can photosynthesise

35
Q

What are the levels of organisation

A

Organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ system -> organism

36
Q

Cell definition

A
  • they are the smallest unit
  • contain many different organelles ( tiny structures within a cell that carries out specific functions)
37
Q

Tissue definition

A

a group of the same cells that work together to carry out a particular function

38
Q

Organ definition

A

collection of several different tissues working together to carry out a more complex function

39
Q

organ system definition

A

several different organs working together to make up an organism

40
Q

What is a specialised cell

A

A cell that is specialised to carry out a particular function

41
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialised

42
Q

What is a stem cell and where can they be found

A
  • Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to become specialised
  • you can get a lot of stem cells from early human embryos
  • Adults do have a few stem cells but are only found in certain places such as bone marrow and can only only turn into a few types of cell
43
Q

Uses of stem cells

A
  • Stem cells can be cloned in a lab and made into specialised cells to be used in medicine or research
  • In stem cell therapy stem cells can repair damaged tissue
44
Q

Advantages of stem cells

A
  • used to cure diseases such as diabetes as stem cells can be injected to replace the faulty ones
  • end our reliance on organ donation
  • benefit burn victims
45
Q

Disadvantages of stem cells

A
  • wasting potential human life
  • concentrate more time to finding and developing other sources of stem cells
46
Q

Give an example of a protoctist, bacteria, and virus which are all pathogens

A

Protoctist: plasmodium which causes malaria
Bacteria: Pneumococcus which cause pneumonia
Virus: Influenza which causes flu

Biology (5 decks)

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