Section 1 Focused Questions Flashcards by Arianna Teel

What disease do many people falsely believe is the leading cause of death in women?

breast cancer

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What is the actual leading cause of death in women?

heart disease

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What are some examples of “illness behaviors” that are found more frequently in women?

missing work
taking medication
limiting daily tasks

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Give two examples of genetic components that predispose women to better health

XX Chromosomes
estrogen protects from CVD

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Give two examples of genetic components that predispose women to worse health

estrogen can be a risk factor for diseases such as breast cancer
women are more susceptible to diseases that impact the immune system

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In what ways do diagnostic criteria influence the higher instances of morbidity in women?

diagnostic criteria is based on men (false belief that women are basically “little men”) and therefore illness is missed more frequently in women

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Which gender values preventative healthcare more?

women

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Alcohol use is higher in ____ and leads to liver disease more in ____

men; women

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How do women’s exercise habits contribute to the higher instances of morbidity?

women overall are less physically active than men; exercise is a protective factor for the development of many diseases

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What are the three main types of CVD?

heart attacks
stroke
artery disease

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Why is it that early symptoms of heart disease in women are typically covert?

could be related to the fact that screening tools are made with men in mind
could additionally be because women do not display the same types of symptoms that men do

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What are some symptoms of heart disease that women commonly experience?

fatigue, nausea, sleep problems, anxiety

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Some special issues for young women regarding cardiovascular health are

energy drinks
discounting the impact of stress
limited physical activity

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Types of stress that increase the risk for CVD

physiological stress response
work/life stress
relationship/marriage

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What are some examples of autoimmune disorders that are more prevalent in women?

lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis

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Autoimmune disorders are a major cause of disability in women as approximately ____ of women have an autoimmune disorder

3/4

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What are some disparities regarding women with autoimmune disorders?

autoimmune disorders are higher in POC and communities with low SES

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In what ways does the environment contribute to the progression of autoimmune disorders?

environmental factors such as smoking, exposure to BPA, the sun, and pregnancy may exacerbate the disorder as they trigger symptoms

What are some genetic factors that may influence the progression of autoimmune disorders?

gene combinations, bacterial infections, viruses, decreased estrogen

In what ways does implicit bias influence treatment for women with autoimmune disorders?

women report difficulties with male physicians regarding communication causing women to suppress their issues out of fear of annoying doctors
surgeons do not care to preserve body image

How does social/cultural difference contribute to the progression and treatment of autoimmune disorders?

social support is higher in white women - may be why POC tend to be more impacted by their disorders
financial stress felt due to disorder experienced more by POC
medication shortages likely impact women with low SES the most

How does age of onset and diagnosis impact women with autoimmune disorders?

women who are diagnosed midlife typically have the hardest time adjusting due to role demands
women who are diagnosed later in life typically struggle with treatment due to comorbidity with other diseases that are more likely with age

More than ___ of all cancer deaths could be prevented by changing behaviors

half

Some common behaviors that influence the development and type of cancer

smoking
alcohol
diet
exercise
stress

Why do factors such as stress, social support, SES, and race play such a significant role in the potential development of cancer

these factors contribute to access to information, preventative healthcare, beliefs, and quality of medical care

The heritability of cancer depends on

the type of cancer and the site of the cancer

Cultural discrepancies in development of cancer can be attributed to

skin pigmentation, genetic differences, diet, SE status, and other lifestyle choices

Fatalism in terms of cancer is highest in which ethnic groups

Latinx and AA populations

How does cancer impact women's quality of life (psychologically, physically, and socially)

women are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety women deal with fatigue, insomnia, and pain during and after treatment women tend to withdraw socially leading to an overall decrease in social functioning

Breast cancer research is limited due to

stigma around talking about cancer breast cancer takes a long time to develop and no studies have progressed this long many women without cancer do not want to participate

The Long Island Breast Cancer Project's goal is

to understand the causes for higher rates of breast cancer in Nassau and Suffolk county Long Island

Recent research projects involving studying young girls and following them throughout their lives to study breast cancer is a better approach because

they will get a greater understanding of how puberty, diet, exercise, family history, psychosocial stressors, and environment all contribute to the development of breast cancer over a much larger period of time

Negative attitudes towards menarche involve

secrecy and embarrassment in girls who menstruate early and girls who have more physical symptoms

Why is it that PMS has no official definition, causes, or treatments

there is little scientific evidence that link the menstruation period and the psychological symptoms typically referred to as PMS

What disorder is typically found comorbid with PMS?

history or current depression

Some life circumstances that are typically associated with women who experience PMS are

low self-esteem high stress less adaptive coping

What is the biggest influence on whether or not a woman experiences PMS?

her expectation and attitude towards PMS occurring

Treatments such as psychotherapy and antidepressants for PMS indicate that

PMS may just be the result of another psychological disorder such as depression

What are the problems with PMS research?

lack of racial diversity in studies studies only examine the luteal phase and not the follicular phase (PMS needs to be absent in this phase in order to be pre-menstrual) studies focus on the negative aspects create a response bias

PMS is reported more frequently in which kinds of studies

retrospective

Menopause typically begins earlier in which populations of women

very lean women women with low SES women with no children women who smoke

Do most women view menopause negatively?

NO. Many report positives such as spending less on feminine hygiene products and less worry about pregnancy

Many of the severe physical and psychological symptoms are associated more with ____ menopause

surgical -- due to sudden end to menstruation rather than gradually

Some psychosocial factors that influence the instance of menopausal symptoms are

stress trait anxiety pessimism health relationships