Section 1: Biological molecules Flashcards
what is a condensation reaction
joining 2 molecules together
monomer to polymer
larger molecule is formed
covalent bond
water is released
what is a hydrolysis reaction
polymer to monomer
breaking down larger molecule into a smaller one
water molecule is used
how many carbons are in a alpha glucose
six
what is the ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen in glucose
c : 2h : o
1 : 2 : 1
what is the name of two monosaccharides joined together
disaccharide
glucose x 2 is what disaccharide?
maltose
glucose + galactose is what disaccharide?
lactose
glucose + fructose is what disaccharide?
sucrose
what bond forms between 2 monosaccharides
glycosidic bond when it forms a disaccharide
what does the prefix glyco mean
sugar (carbohydrates)
name function, location and structure of starch (in plants)
polysaccharide storage molecule
long straight chain amylose molecules and branched amylopectin
stored in chloroplasts in membrane bound starch grains
can be broken down into glucose for respiration to release energy
describe function, location and structure of glycogen (in animals)
polysaccharide storage molecules
more branched amylopectin
shorted 1-4 amylose chains
can be broken down into glucose for respiration to release energy
more compact , forms glycogen granules in places like liver and muscle cells
Describe the function, location and structure of cellulose
B-glucose , straight un-branched, parallel Hydrogen bonds with cross linkage makes it strong micro-fibrils form fibres , plant cell walls prevents from bursting
What are lipids made up of? and describe there solubility in water and organic solutions?
Made up of carbon oxygen hydrogen
Insoluble in water
Soluble in organic solutions
What are the roles of lipids
energy source : more energy released than carbs + releases water when oxidised
Waterproofing: waxy lipid cuticle, oily skin secretion
Insulation: slow conductors of heat so retain body temperature well
Protection: around delicate organs
What are the adaptations of lipids that make it good for their roles
High ratio of bonds to carbon atoms make it excellent energy source
Low mass to energy ration excellent storage molecule
Large, non polar and insoluble doesnt effect water potential so wont diffuse or osmosis out of cells
Important water source due to high H:O ratio
What is the reaction forming a triglyceride? state equation and bond
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids —> triglyceride + 3 water
condensation reaction
ester bond formed
What does a phosphate and 2 fatty acids make
Phospholipid
Describe features of phospholipid and their uses
Polar molecule : forms bilayer and barrier due to hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Structure allows them to form glycolipids
How would cellulose give something strength
Straight un branched chain
Many hydrogen bonds and cross linkage
Chains lie side by side (micro) fibrils
Give two feature and explain why starch is a good storage substance
Insoluble : water isnt drawn out or into cells by osmosis/ doesnt effect water potential
Coiled : Very compact lots can be stored
Large : wont diffuse out cells
Branched : multiple ends acted on by enzymes rapidly
What is the difference between a globular and fibrous protein
Globular are spherical and soluble
Fibrous are elongates and not water soluble
What proteins are globular
Enzymes
Hormones
transport
Antibodies
What proteins are fibrous
Keratin
Collagen
Myosin, actin