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Physiology I > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first to define homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon (1929)

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2
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Refers to the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in an INTERNAL environment.
internal body conditions remain nearly constant

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3
Q

What are adaptive responses?

A

The homeostatic mechanisms that allow for a return to homeostasis

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4
Q

What are the conditions of homeostasis?

A

Contains optimum concentration of nutrient, gases, ions, and water optimal temperature
optimal pressure

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5
Q

What is stress?

A

anything that creates an imbalance in the internal environment

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6
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A

Na+

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7
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular anion?

A

Chloride

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8
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

A

K+

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9
Q

List the extracellular ions in decreasing order?

A

Na+>Chloride>HCO3->Proteins (anion)>K+, Calcium

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10
Q

List the intracellular ions in decreasing order?

A

K+, PO4^-3, protein, magnesium, Na+

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11
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

Circular situation in which the information about the status of something is continually reported to the central control region.

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12
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

A change in a parameter that causes a response that results in a reverse of the initial back to its normal parameter

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13
Q

Example of a negative feedback loops?

A

Regulation of Arterial blood pressure.

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14
Q

Explain what type of feedback Arterial blood pressure is and how it works

A

Baroreceptors in the arterial walls sense the blood pressure either by stretching. This leads to a inhibitory signal in the medulla which stimulates the vagus nerve to decrease HR and dilation of blood vessels.

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15
Q

Explain positive feedback system

A

A change in a parameter sends signals to continue to move parameter in that direction Thus making it further from the nl

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16
Q

Example of positive feedback system

A

Childbirth. The stretching of the cervix sends signals to posterior pituitary that triggers a release of oxytocin and increase in uterine contractions. Since the child is born the signal has a natural decrease and thus does not have the detrimental effect that most of the positive feedbacks do.

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17
Q

What is Gain?

A

Gain is the degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions.

Gain= correction/error

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18
Q

What does uncontrolled system mean?

A

Adaptive process is not working

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19
Q

what is error? (in terms of gain equation)

A

The amount of uncorrected increase

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20
Q

what is the gain of a system if:
Adding to liter of blood to a controlled system and to an uncontrolled system: uncontrolled rises from 100 to 175
Controlled BP rises from 100 to 125

A 
gain= correction/error
correction= -50
error= 25
gain= -2
21
Q 
Which of the following has to be a transmembrane protein?
A.) receptor protein
B.) protein binding to cytoskeleton
C.) Channel protein
D.) phosphorylase
A

C.) Channel protein

22
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane?

A

separate intracellular and extracellular environments and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

23
Q

What is the structure of a cell membrane?

A

all cell membranes and plasma membranes have the same basic function, known as the “unit membrane”
Unit membrane- is a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol inserted among the phospholipids.
Proteins are associated with the membrane.
Integral proteins are inserted into the membrane on one side or the other and are exposed on either side of the membrane
Peripheral proteins- are loosely attached to either side of the membrane and are easily removed.
Cholesterol- mediates fluidity of membrane

24
Q

Integral proteins

A

are inserted either on one side or extend through the membrane. They are exposed on one or both sides of the membrane. Removal would destroy the bilayer.

25
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Are loosely attached to either side of the protein. They can be easily removed. Many are attached to membrane using glycophosphatidylinositol= GPI- anchored proteins.

26
Q

GPI anchored proteins

A

Are peripheral proteins that are anchored to the membrane by use of glycophosphatidylinositol.

27
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the membrane

A

It is relatively inflexible and therefore is used to regulate the flexibility of the membrane.

28
Q

functions of the plasma membrane

A

Serves as a filter and regulates what can move from one side of the membrane to the other.
regulates the intracellular and extracellular cell conditions.
plays a role in informational exchange between cell and its environment
Involved in exocytosis and endocytosis.

29
Q

What substances can easily pass through the cell and plasma membranes

A

Lipids

30
Q

Which membrane bound organelle (s) are associated with cell trafficking?

A

Smooth and Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

31
Q

Which membrane bound organelle (s) makes the most ATP?

A

The Mitochondria

32
Q

which organelle(s) is directly associated with the production and section of proteins

A

Rough ER

33
Q

What is Human physiology?

A

The study of the functional organization of the body

34
Q

What are lysosome

A

Digestive enzymes

low pH

35
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Plays a role in packaging proteins for secretion

  • forms lysosomes
  • modifies proteins from the RER
36
Q

What is glycolysis

A
  • anaerobic respiration
  • begins with glucose
  • occurs I cytoplasm of the cells
  • does not require oxygen
  • produces pyruvic acid (lactic acid) and a small amount of ATP
37
Q

what does glycolysis begin with?

A

Glucose

38
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm of all cells

39
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

A

Anaerobic

40
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvic acid (lactic acid) and a small amount of ATP

41
Q

what does the kreb’s cycle and ETC use for a starting material?

A

Pyruvic acid form glycolysis

42
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle and ETC occur

A

Only in the mitochondria

43
Q

What is the final electron receptor of Krebs and ETC

A

Oxygen

44
Q

What are the products of ETC and Krebs cycle

A

More ATP than Glycolysis, CO2, and water

45
Q

is Kreb’s cycle and ETC aerobic or anerobic?

A

Aerobic

46
Q

Who uses amoeboid movement

A

used by macrophages and some other leukocytes

47
Q

what are the only flagellated cells in mammals?

A

sperm cells

48
Q

what is the purpose of cilia

A

Move other material , usually mucous that coats a layer of ciliated cells.
cell itself does not move

49
Q

What is the purpose of microtubules

A

Provide tracks on which motor molecules can move cargo

Physiology I (8 decks)

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