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Abnormal and Clinical Psych > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

Assessments, Abnormality, Mood Disorders

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1
Q

What is abnormal behavior?

A

atypical or culturally inappropriate behavior
distress to the person or others
impairment in function
psychological dysfunction

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2
Q

Psychological dysfunctioning is characterized by

A

breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

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3
Q

Distress (definition)

A

negative internal emotions or experiences that are real to the individual but cannot be observed directly by other people

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4
Q

What are the limitations to using distress as a indication of mental illness?

A

some conditions do not produce distress (e.g. mania)

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5
Q

Criteria for abnormal

A

distress
impairment
dysfunctioning
behaviors include statistical infrequency

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6
Q

Psychopathology (definition)

A

study of psychological disorders

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7
Q

Prognosis (definition)

A

anticipated course of disorder

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8
Q

Etiology (definition)

A

cause or source of a disorder

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9
Q

Assessment of a disorder involves

A

determination of the rate, amount, importance, size or value through use of interviews, observations, tests, and/or neuropsych assessments

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10
Q

The value of psychological assessments depends on

A

reliability
validity
standardization

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11
Q

Mental status exam focuses on (6)

A

appearance/behavior
thoughts
mood
speech
orientation
insight/judgement

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12
Q

Three main types of neuroimaging

A

MRI
EEG
PET

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13
Q

Classification of Diagnoses

A

classical
dimensional
prototypical

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14
Q

The DSM-5 is an example of which kind of diagnostic approach

A

prototypical - combination of classical and dimensional

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15
Q

Diathesis Stress Model explains that

A

individuals with genetic risk are at an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes when exposed to high-risk environments

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16
Q

The Gene-Environment Correlation Model explains

A

genetic makeup may increase the probability that an individual will experience certain events that trigger genetic vulnerability to disorders

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17
Q

Mood disorders (definition)

A

impairment in functioning/thought composed of different types of mood “episodes” or periods of depressed or elevated moods lasting days or weeks

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18
Q

Three types of mood disorders

A

Depressive Disorders
Manic Disorders
Bipolar Disorders

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19
Q

Symptoms of MDD

A

anhedonia
obsessive guilt/grief
loss of appetite
lack of approach behavior
poor concentration
SI/attempts

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20
Q

There is a profound derease in ______ in depressed patients

A

brain metabolism

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21
Q

The stress-response during depressive episodes is best explained by

A

the dysregulation of the HPA and long-term damage to the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala

22
Q

Attributional styles associated with MDD

A

internal attribution
stable attribution
global attribution

23
Q

The Learned Helplessness Theory explains

A

lack of perceived control over life events leads to decreased attempts to improve one’s own situation

24
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for MDD

A

1 or more depressive episode with the absence of a manic episode

25
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for PDD

A

symptoms present more days than not for 2 years
increase/decreased appetite
increased/decreased sleep
fatigue
low self-worth
difficulty with decision making and concentration
feelings of hopelessness

26
Q

Treatments for depression include

A

Behavioral therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Psychosocial Treatments

27
Q

Bipolar Disorder (definition)

A

a mood disorder that extends beyond what we typically describe as moodiness in which patients experience extreme moods of mania and depression

28
Q

Bipolar I

A

the mania/manic episode last at least one week; may or may not precede depressive episode

29
Q

Bipolar II

A

patient meets criteria for hypomanic episode and for an MDE; hypomania doesn’t cause the impairment, the MDE does

30
Q

Manic episodes are characterized by

A

grandiosity
decreased need for sleep
more talkative
flight of ideas
distractability
impulsive/hypersexual behavior

31
Q

DSM-5 Criteria for OCD

A

presence of obsession, compulsions, or both

32
Q

Obsessions (OCD) definition

A

recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance that cause anxiety and/or distress

33
Q

Compulsions (OCD) definitions

A

repetitive behaviors that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly – aimed at preventing or reducing distress but not realistically connected to the issue they’re trying to control

34
Q

OCD vs. OCPD

A

OCPD is a personality disorder involving perfectionism, urge to control, inflexible, and rigid thinking – OCD involves obsessions and compulsions

35
Q

Treatment for OCD

A

behavioral therapy – exposure to fears to learn to manage anxiety without performing the compulsion
Pharmacological (SSRIs)
Exposure and Response Prevention

36
Q

Potential causes of OCD

A

early life experiences and thought-action fusion

37
Q

Similarities between OCD and BDD

A

obsessive, intrusive, and repetitive thoughts
excessive time dedicated to the situation
age of onset
anxiety and emotional distress

38
Q

Which treatment is seen as most effective for BDD?

A

therapy is considered more effective for long-lasting outcomes compared to medication alone

39
Q

Body Integrity Identity Disorder

A

a person does not identify with a part of their body typically accompanied by a desire to amputate or disable a health appendage

40
Q

What is anxiety

A

negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and apprehension about the future

41
Q

Panic attacks

A

abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes

42
Q

Symptoms of panic attack

A

sweating/trembling
shortness of breath
feeling of choking
nausea, dizziness, chills
numbness or tingling
derealization or depersonalization
fear of dying

43
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

overly concerned about approval of other people to the point of avoiding social situations to avoid potential scrutiny

44
Q

Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Cognitive restructuring - identifying core beliefs
medication - combining SSRIs and psychotherapy

45
Q

Phobia (definition)

A

irritational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with individuals ability to function

46
Q

Causes of phobias

A

sometimes because of past experience
traumatic conditioning + prepared + susceptibility to anxiety

47
Q

Treatment for phobias

A

Exposure therapy – only in extreme cases
systematic sensitization

48
Q

GAD Diagnostic Criteria

A

Excessive anxiety or worry
Difficulty controlling the worry
Significant Impairment in functioning
Anxiety is associated with:
- restless/easily fatigued
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- muscle tension

49
Q

Treatments for GAD

A

benzodiazepines
CBT

50
Q

Common Cognitive Distortions

A

arbitrary inferences
catastrophizing
overgeneralization
personalization
labeling and mislabeling
dichotomous thinking

51
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

flashbacks involving reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like racing heart or sweating

52
Q

Panic Disorder

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks
avoidance - forms of avoidance

Abnormal and Clinical Psych (3 decks)

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