Section 1 Flashcards
Sheriff
-Derived from the term Shire reeve
-Assisted the king in fiscal, military, and judicial affairs and was referred to as the “king’s steward”
Shire
-“Country”
Reeve
-“Agent of the king”
Position of the Corner
-Was created to act as a monitor over the sheriff
Posse Comitatus
-An important part of the criminal justice machine that allowed the sheriff to deputize common citizens to assist in the capture of outlawes, among other tasks
Constable
-Alone pursued felons- hence the ancient custom of citizens raising a loud “hue and cry” and joining in pursuit of criminals lapsed into disguise
Constable various duties
-Including collecting taxes, supervising highways, and serving as a magistrate
Constable eventual duties
-Limited to making arrests only with warrants issued by the justice of the peace
~These men were not paid for their work, and the duties were often dangerous
Coroner
-Duties
~Oversight of the interests of the crown
*Not only in criminal matters but in fiscal matters
~Determine the cause of death and the party responsible for it
-Felony cases
~Would conduct preliminary hearings
*The sheriff would often come to the coroner’s court to prestige over the coroner’s jury
The over 2,000 coroner offices in the US duties
-Determining the causes of all deaths by violence or under suspicious circumstances
~Determine the causes and effects of wounds, lesions, contusions, fractures, poisons, and more
Justice of the Peace (JP)
-Custos pacis or conservator of the peace, nominated by the king for each country
-Allowed constables to make arrests by issuing them warrants
-The practice removed power from constables and sheriffs
-Referred to as “bobbies” and “scum of the earth”
-Only qualification was a wealthy landowner who was able to buy his way into office
JPs today
-Lay and inexpert upholder of the law
-The office has declined from high perstige to relative obscurity
“Kin Police”
-No formal mechanism existed with which to police the villages, and the informal voluntary model that developed
“Frankpledge”
-Required that every male above the age of 12 form a group with nin of his neighbors
Tithing
-Was sworn to help protect fellow citizens and to apprehend and deliver justice and its members who committed a crime
~They were not paid for their work but expected to perform certain duties under penalty of law
Wild’s “System”
-After ordering his men to commit a burglary, he would meet the victim and courteously offer to return the stolen goods for a commission
-He operated such a business for so long that its testimony to the corrupt nature of the magistrates of the “trading justice” period
Warden
-Law-empowered officials to hire as many watchmen as needed; the powers of the watch were increased; and the legislated levied a tax to pay for it
~Instead of requiring all men to participate, one male citizen interested in making money needed to join the watch
Republicanism
-Asserted that power can be divided, and it relied on local interests to promote the general welfare
~Under this program, neighborhood groups and local interest blocs have input with respect to crime-control policy with the sheriffs and police chief
Henry Fielding Argument
-The severity of the English penal code, which provided for the death penalty for a large number of offenses, including theft of a handkerchief, did not work in controlling criminals
Henry Feilding
-Believed the country should reform the criminal code to deal more with the origins of crime
-Pursuit of criminals more systematic by creating a small group of “thief-takers”
~Victims of crime paid handsome rewards for the capture of their assailants, so these volunteers stood to profit nicely by pursuing criminals
Patrick Colquhoun
-Interested in improving social conditions in England
-Believed that the government should and could regulate people’s behaviors
~Contradicted traditional and even constitutional ideals, undermining the old principle that the residents of local communities, through voluntary watchmen and constables, should police the conduct of their neighborhoods
Colquhoun’s three ideas originally set by Fieldings
-The police should have an intelligence service for gathering information about offenders
-A register of known criminals and unlawful groups should be maintained
-A police gazette should be published to assist in the apprehension of criminals and to promote the moral education of the public by publicizing punishments such as whipping, the pillory, and public execution
Sir Robert Peel
-Helped develop “An Act for Improving the Police in and Near the Metropolis”
Metropolitan Police Act 1829
-The principal object to be attained is the prevention of crime
~The security of person and property will thus be better affected than by the detection and punishment of the offender after he has succeeded in committing the crime
-Called on the home secretary to appoint two police commissioners to command the new organization
~Were recruited “a sufficient number of fit and able men” as constables
Principles of Policing
-Robert Peel
-The police should be organized along military lines and under governmental control
-Expressed the belief that crime
~Prevention was as important as crime suppression
~That public approval of police actions is paramount
-The police must always recognize that they require the willing cooperation of the public if there is to be public observance of laws
~”The police are the public, and the public are the police.”
-The need for the police to exercise force will decrease as public cooperation increase
~Force should be used as a last resort
*When the officer’s powers of persuasion, warning, and so on failed to secure public compliance
-Police should be impartial in their enforcement of the laws, without regard to one’s wealth or public standing
-Emphasis on the prevention of crime
Community Policing (1829)
-The current era of policing
~The police are situated to proactively curb criminal activity and to provide order in the community, are no different from the people they are to serve, and should be visible in the community and interact with is citizens
Slave Patrols
- Were a legal mechanism for enforcing these codes; as a formal means of social control, particularly in rural areas of the Southern colonies, these patrols were to maintain the institution of slavery as well as capture runaway slaves and protect the white majority from slave uprisings and crimes
Political Era (1840s-1930s)
-Authorization
~Politixs and Law
-Function
~Broad social services
-Organizational Design
~Decentralized
-Relationship to Community
~Intimate
-Tactical and technology
~Foot patrol
-Outcomes
~Citizen and political satisfaction
Reform Era (1930s-1980s)
-Authorization
~Law and Professionalism
-Function
~Crime Control
-Organizational design
~Centralized and classical
-Relationship to community
~Professional and remote
-Tactics and technology
~Preventive patrol and rapid response to calls
-Outcome
~Crime control
Community Era (1980s-Present)
-Authorization
~Community support (political), law, and professionalism
-Function
~Broad provision of services
-Organizational design
~Decetralized using task forces and matrices
-Relationship to Community
~Intimate
-Tactics and technology
~Foot patrol, problem-solving, and public relations
-Outcome
~Quality of life and citizen satifaction
Political Era of Policing
-NY state passed a law to establish a full-time preventive police force for NYC
-The American plan required that each ward in the city be a separate patrol district, unlike the European model, which divided the districts along the lines of criminal activity
-The mayor chose the recruits from a list of names submitted by the alderman and tax assessors of each ward; the mayor then submitted his choice to the city council for approval
Issues with the Police uniform
-The police officer would be visible
~Crime victims wanted to find a police officer in a hurry
~Would strip the officers of their anonymity
~Would hinder their work because criminals would recognize them and flee, and the uniform was demeaning and would destroy their sense of manliness and democracy
-Carrying of Arms
~At stake was the personal safety of the officers and the citizens they served
~Citizens viewed ab armed police force with considerable suspicion
*Eventually, there were no other options, and the police had to carry arms simply because there was no alternative, which significantly changed American policing and a major point of departure from the English model
-Use of Force
~Whether an offender was armed perpetuated the need for an officer to rely on physical prowess for survival on the streets
Bushwhackers
-Someone who lives far from urban ‘civilization’
~Criticized by Tammanyites
Tammanyites
-Corrupt NYC politicians
~Favored the political patronage system
~Claimed the Bushwhackers “could not find their way to a single station house.”
“Baton Charge”
-The use of the baton to put down riots
“Internal Affairs”
-The “shoofly,” a plainclothes officer who checked on the performance of the patrol officerrs
Four groups of Law Enforcement
-Private citizens
-U.S. Marshals
-Businessmen
-Town Officials
Private Citizens
-Helped enforce the law by joining posses, by offering services for a fee (such as bounty hunting), or otherwise making individuals efforts
~Many vigilante groups have practiced “informal injustice” by illegally taking the law into their own hands, breaking the law with violence and force, they also performed valuable work by ridding their communities fo dangerous criminals
Federal Marshals
-Enforce federal laws so they have no jurisdiction over matters not involving federal offenses
~Could only act in cases involving theft of mail, crimes against railroad property, murder on federal lands, and a few other crimes
Immigration and Early Policing
-Helped immigrants establish themselves in communities and find jobs
-Weakness
~The intimacy with the community, closeness to politicians, poor recruitment and training standards, and decentralized organizational structure (its inability to provide supervision of officers) also led to police corruption
-The close identification of police with neighborhoods also resulted in discrimination against strangers, especially ethnic and racial minorities
Reform (Professional) Era of Policing (1930s-1980s)
-Some cities, officers were not permitted to live in the same beat they patrolled to isolate them as completely as possible from political influence
-Break down jobs into their basic steps and emphasize time and motion studies, all to maximize production
~Emphasis on production and unity of control flowed the notion that police officers were best managed by a hierarchical pyramid of control
-Officers were to enforce the laws and make arrests whenever they could
~Discression was limited as much as possible
*Special problems arose, special units (vice, juvenile, drugs, tactical) were created rather than problems being assigned to patrol officers
August Vollmer
-Established one of the most important periods in the development of police professionalism
~Became town Marshal in Berkeley, CA
*Big city police departments had become notorious for their corruption, and politics rather than professional principle dominated most police departments
Vollmer’s Bicycles
-After increasing the police force from three to twelve officers; Vollmer orders his men to patrol on bicycles
~Time checks demonstrated that officers on bicycles would be able to respond three time more quickly to calls than men on foot patrol
Vollmer’s Red lights
-Purchase a system of red lights; the lights hung at each street intersection and served as an emergency notification system for police officers
~The first single system in the country
Vollmer’s Ideas of police school
-The first formal training program for police officers in the country drew on the expertise of university professors as well as police officers
-The school included courses on police methods and procedures, fingerprinting, first aid, criminal law, anthropometry, photography, public health, and sanitation
The Crib of Modern Law Enforcement
-1905
~Vollmer is elected Berkeley town marshal. Town trustees appoint six police officers at a salary of $70 per month
-1906
~Trustees create detective rank. Vollmer initiates a red light signal system to reach beat officers from headquarters; telephones are installed in boxes. A police records system is created
-1908
~Two motorcycles are added to the department. Vollmer begins a police school
-1909
~Vollmer is appointed Berkeley Chief of police under a new charter form of government. Trustees approve the appointment of a Bertillion expert and the purchase of fingerprinting equipment. A modus operandi file is created, modeled on the British system
-1911
~All patrol officers are using bicycles
-1914
~Three privately owned autos are authorized for patrol use
-1915
~A central office is established for police reports
-1916
~Vollmer urges Congress to establish a national fingerprint bureau (later created by the FBI), begins annual lectures on police procedures, and persuades biochemists Albert Schneider to install and direct a crime laboratory at headquarters
-1917
~Vollmer has the first completely motorized force; officers furnish their own automobiles. Vollmer recruits college students for part-time police jobs. He begins consulting with police and reorganizing departments around the country
-1918
~Entrace examinations are initiated to measure the mental, physical, and emotional fitness of recruits; a part-time police psychiatrist is employed
-1919
~Vollmer begins testing delinquents and using psychology to anticipate criminal behavior. He implements a juvenile program to reduce child delinquency
-1921
~Vollmer guides the development of the first lie detector and begins developing radio communications between patrol cars, handwriting analysis, and use of business machine equipment (a Hollerith tabulator)
Modus Operandi
-The way in which something operates or works
-Vollmer found that nearly all criminals used their own peculiar method of operation
“Rolling Fortress”
-The social work aspects of the policing movement fell into an almost total eclipse
~Under the professional model of policing, officers were to remain in their cars and go from one call to the next with due haste
Wickersham Commission
-Replaced the National Crime Commission with the National Commission on Law Observation and Enforcement
-Issued fourteen reports
~Two reports were “Report the Police” and “Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement”
“Report the Police”
-Was written by Vollmer, and his imprint on this and other reports is vident
“Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement”
-Concerned itself with police misconduct and has received the greatest public attention, both then and now
~The report indicated that the use by police of third-degree suspect interrogation methods (including the infliction of physical or mental pain to extract confession) was widespread in America
*The corruption influence of politics should be removed from policing
“Thin Blue Line”
-A force that stood between civilization and chaos and protecting society from barbarism and Communist subversion
Civil Rights Movement
-Predominated the late 1960s and 1970s and pitted the nation’s police against many of its college youths and minority groups
~View the police as “pigs”
-National groups represented both sides, some violent, others nonviolent
~Students for Democratic Society, Black Panther, Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-“No man will be treated with indifference the principle of race. It is key to history.” ~Benjamin Disraeli
Democratic National Convention (1968)
-In Chicago raised many questions about the police and their function and role; each night, Americans witnessed scenes on national tv of Chicago police gassing and clubbing protesters, news photographers and reporters, and other citizens in what was subsequently termed in the investigation Wlaker Report and in many other accounts as the Chicago “police riots”
Concerns of Police Functions and Methods for two Reasons
-A tendency on the part of the police to resist outside scrutiny
~Functioning in a bureaucratic environment, the police, like other bureaucrats, were sensitive to outside reach
-Few people in policing perceived a need to challenge traditional methods of operations
~”If it ain’t broke, don’t fit it” attitude prevailed, particularly among old-school administrators
~Some ideas were etched in stone, such as a belief that more police personnel and vehicles equaled more patrolling, and, therefore, less crime a quicker response rate, and a happier citizenry
President’s Crime Commission
-President Johnson wanted to find a solution to America’s internal crime problems, including the root cause of crime, the workings of the justice system, and the hostile, antagonistic relation between the police and civilians
President’s Crime Commission Brought Policing Full Circle
-Restating several of the same principles that Sir Robert Peel laid out
~1829
*That the police should be closer to the public
*That poor quality of policing contributed to social disorder
*That the police should focus on community relations
Team Policing
-Which sought to restructure police departments, improve police-community relations, enhance police officer morale, and facilitate change within the police organization
Community Era Policing (1980s - Present)
-Narrowing the police mission to crime fighting
-Increase cultural diversity in our society
-Detachment of patrol officers in patrol vehicles
-Increase violence in out society
-Scientific view of management, stressing efficiency more than effectiveness, quantitative policing more than qualitative policing
-Increased dependence on high-technology equipment rather than contact with the public
-Isolation of police administration from community and officer input
-Concern about police violation of the civil rights of minorities
-Burgeoning attempts by the police to adequately reach the community through crime prevention, team policing, and police-community relations
Concerns of the Community Era
-The growing reliance on private sector policing has given rise to concerns about recruitment and training standards for private police, as well as questions about the relationship between citizens, public police, and private police agencies
-While some of the policing tactics linked to the community era have been credited with reducing crime, they have also been criticized for being overly aggressive towards citizens, especially citizens living in minority communities
-Although agencies have greatly increased the amount of training and equipment dedicated to the prevention of terrorism in recent years, some worry that this has contributed to the further “militarization” of police, a process that can alienate police from the communities they serve
-Recent cases of controversial deaths involving police-citizen interactions from around the country, including George Floyd (Minnesota), Keith Scott (North Carolina), Terence Crutcher (Oklahoma), Michael Brown (Missouri), Tamir Rice (Ohio), Walter Scott (South Carolina), Freddie Gray (Maryland), Eric Garner (NYC), Antwon Rose (Pennsylvania), Laquan McDonald (Illinois), and others, have generated calls for greater transparency in police work and stricter limits on police use of force
The Task Force produced a series of recommendations focused on six core themes
-Building trust and legitimacy between police and communities
-Improving policy and oversight
-Advancing the use of technology and social media
-Promoting community [policing and crime reduction strategies
-Improving police training and education
-Encourage wellness and safety of police officers
-400
~Medieval Times and Frankpledge System
-1066
~Norman Conquest
-1116
~Laws of Henry
*Decided to punish the state rather than an individual or group
*Helped develop the coroner’s position
-1215
~Magna Carta
*Reduced tyranny of Kings/Monarchs
-1485
~Parish Constable System
*Night Watchmen and Hue and Cry
*Helped develop the Justice of the Peace
-1607
~American Colonization
-1650
~Slave Patrols
*Legally considered property
*Enslaved people were not allowed to own property
*Enslaved people were not allowed to assemble without the presence of a white person
*Enslaved people who lived on plantations were subject to curfews
*Runaways were chased, beaten, and sometimes killed
-1692
~Salem Witch Trials
-1700
~England’s population increase began
-1748
~Fielding Brothers
*Appointed chief magistrate of Bow Street
*For the English penal code, the death penalty had a large number of offenses
*Developed the “thief-takers” to get a profit from the victims
-1792
~Colquhoun
*Government versus local regulation
*Proposals for future policing
*Intelligence services for offenders
*Register criminals and unlawful groups
*Police gazette
*Pain professionals
*Proacting policing
-1822
~Robert Peel
*Established the police force
-1829
~Metropolitan Police Act
*Prevention of crime
*Constables uniformed and armed
*“Bobbies”
*Poor quality policing equals social disorder
-1840
~American Industrialization (Police Era begins)
The Old English System of Policing
-Medieval Times (5th-15th Centry)
~No Formal police force
~Kin system
~Informal, voluntary, local control
~Harsh punishment for crime
*Trial by ordeal
**Fire, Water, Combat
Norman Conquest 1066
-William the Conqueror
-Dislike informal, local control
-Community-based system created
~Frankpledge System
*Tithing = 10 people
*Hundred = 100 people (directed by constable)
*Shire = 1,000 people (Shire Reeve “country agent of the king”)
-1116
~Henry I, son of King William (Leges Henrici (Latin = Law of Henry))
*Establish offenses aginst the crown
*Punish by state, rather than by individual or group
*Origin of “Coroner”
-1215
~Magna Carta
*Reduced tyranny of Kings/Monarchs
Watchmen System
-Other “policing” systems created
~Parish Constable System
*Night Watchman and Hue and Cry
**Justice of the Peace
*Continued into the 19th century and brought to American colonies
London and the Colonial Period
-Population of England doubled between 1700 and 1800
~London became crime-ridden
~English officials preferred existing policing arrangements
~Possible solutions still considered
*Henry and John Feilding
*Patrick Colquhoun
Feilding Brothers
-1748
~Henry appointed chief magistrate of Bow Street
-1749
~London’s first professional police force formed
-1754
~After Henry died, his half brother John took over as magistrate
-1780
~John remained Chief Magistrate for 26 years
Patrick Colquhoun
-1729
~Appointed London magistrate
-Government versus local regulation
-Ideas and proposals for future policing
~Intelligence service of offenders
~Register of known criminals and unlawful groups
~Police gazette
~Paid professionals
~Proactive policing
Police Reform in England 19th Century
-Urbanization and Industrialization
-1822
~Sir Robert Peel appointed to establish a police force
-1829
~Parliament passed Metropolitan Police Act
*Principal objective prevention of crime
*Constable uniformed and armes
*Nicknamed “bobbies”
*Poor quality policing = social disorder
Robert Peel’s Reforms
-The police must be stable, and organized along military lines
-The police must be under government control
-The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of police
-The distribution of crime news is essential
-The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential
-No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quite, determined manner has more effect than violent action
-Good appearance commands respect
-The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency
-Public security demands that every police officer be given a number
-Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the people
-“The police are the public and the public are the police”
Colonial America
-17th/18th centry America adopted English policing system
-Low and minor crime, except
~1655
*Quakers challenged religion of Puritan colony
~1692
*Salem Witch Trials
-Villages appointed constables and sheriffs
-Citizen-participation model to Philadelphia watch
-Social and political unrest increased over time
~1754- 1763
*French and Indian War
~1783
*American Revolution
Colonial Legacies
-Local policing
-Republicanism
-Theory of crime prevention
Policing in America
-1840 industrialization growth began
-Police reform in England watched closely
-Full-time policing
~New York 1844 or South 1600s
~Slave Patrols
Southern Slave Patrols
-1650
~Legal mechanism for enforcing slave codes created
*Slave Codes
**Legally considered property
**Slaves were not allowed to own property of their own
**They were not allowed to assemble without the presence of a white person
**Slaves that lived off the plantation were subject to special curfews
**Runaway slaves were chased, beaten, and sometimes killed
-1704
~Formalized in South Carolina
*Informal local militias
*Capture runaway slaves
*Protect from slave uprisings and crime
English and Colonial Officers of the Law
-Constable
~England
*Appeared in 11th century
*Pursued felons, collected taxes, supervised roads, served as a magistrate
*Power also declined, only could arrest and serve warrants issued by JP
*1856 completely discarded, now have police officers
~America
*Appeared in 19th century
*Given control of night watch
*Power declined, and no pay was given for the position
*Today, police officers
-Sheriff
~England
*Appeared in 11th century
*No political powers, assisted the king in fiscal, military, and judicial affairs
*Power slowly declined over time, and other positions took over
*Today, act as an officer of the court, summon juries, and enforce civil judgments
~America
*Appeared in the 19th century
*Apprehended criminals, served subpoenas, appeared in court, collected taxes
*In the West, used posse comitatus
*Today, the basic source of rural crime control (sheriff deputies); elected
-Coroner
~England
*Appeared around 12th century
*Oversaw interests of the crown, both criminal and fiscal
*Determined cause of death and party responsible
*Today, a paid position and usually a pathologist
~America
*Appeared around 1933
*Served as sheriff when elected sheriff disabled
*Determine causes of all deaths by violence or under suspicious circumstances
*Today, a paid position and usually a pathologist
-Justice of the Peace
~England
*Traced back to 1195
*Presided over criminal trials, oversaw sheriffs and constables
*Strictly criminal jurisdiction (no civil cases) by the early 20th century
*Today, local or state court judge
~America
*Appeared around 1900s
*Elected officials
*Given jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases
*Today, local or state court judge
The Political Era
-1840s-1930s
-Beginning of modern policing
-1844
~New York State legislature passed a law to establish full-time police force for New York City
*Government and political control
*Ward bosses (each ward separate patrol district_
*Recruitment
*Chiefs and command staff appointed (Sheriff-elect in the West)
-1880
~Every major American city had police force based on New York model
Meanwhile in Western Frontier
-Absence of government
~Federal and American Indian control
~Federal marshal and sheriffs
-Western communities
~Many different ethnic groups
~Economic conflicts and slavery
-Assumed responsibility of law enforcement
*Private citizens, US marshals, businessmen, town officials
*Sheriff
Early Policing Issues
-Early issues for police officers
~Should police wear uniforms
~Should police be armed
~Should police use force
-Economic security
-Public perceptions
-Social unrest
Politics and Corruption
-Immigrants
~Urban life and intergration
~Policing
~Disputes and corruption
*Hierarchy of police helped promote ethnic minorities into police ranks
-Police corruption
~Beates
~Perjury (1890s “internal affairs”)
Political Influence
-Strengths
~Citizen services
*Operated soup lines, found missing children, helped immigrants
**Recruitment uniformity
**Integration
-Weaknesses
~Police corruption
~Discrimination
~Lack of organizational control
~Keystone Cops
Wickersham Commission
-1929
~Nationa Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement
-President Hoover
-Prohibition and “War on Crime”
-Ended Political Era
-The Commission’s final report, commonly known as The Wickersham Report, was released on January 7, 1931. It documented the widespread evasion of Prohibition and its negative effects on American society and recommended much more aggressive and extensive law enforcement to enforce compliance with anti-alcohol law. The report castigated the police for their “general failure… to detect and arrest criminals guilty of the many murders.”
The Reform Era
-1930-1980s
-Also known as Professional Era
-Rejected political movement
-Scientific Theory of Administration
-Innovators
~August Vollmer
~O.W. Wilson
~William Parker
August Vollmer
-1905
~Became town marshal in Berkeley, CA
Innovations
**Formed day and night patrols
**Bicycle patrols
**Red light system
**Perfected idea of “modus operandi”
-1908
~Started first “police school”
Reason for CJ Degree in most universities
**Fingerprinting
**Arrest procedures
**Criminal law
**Crime scene photography
-1909
~Took over the new Berkeley Police Department
*Focused on *efficiency and output
**Response time
**Bicycle patrols to automobiles
***Responsible for the first radio car
**Recruitment
**Helped refine “criminalistics”/ science of crime
**Social Workers
-Some of the early innovations by Cheif Vollmer and his department were
~1906
*The department installed a basic record system (one of the first in the US)
*Installed the first Modus Operandi (MO) System
~1907
*First use for scientific investigation (Kleinschmidt cases analysis of blood, fibers, and soil)
*The department’s police school was established. It included instruction from professors on such subjects as evidence procedures. This was the first school of its kind in the world and had far-reaching effects on law enforcement
~1911
*Organized the first Police Motorcycle Patrol
~1913
*Charged to automobiles for patrolling
~1916
*Cheif Vollmer established the first School of Criminology at the University of California, Berkeley. Chief Vollmer became a strong advocate of college-educated police officers
~1918
*Began using intelligence in recruiting police officers
~1920
*The first lie detector instrument was developed at the University of California and used by our department
~1921
*Began using a psychiatric screening in recruitment
~1923
*The first Junior Traffic Police Program was established
~1924
*Established one of the first single fingerprint systems
~1925
*Established the first Crime Prevention Division
O.W. Wilson
-1921
~Worked under Vollmer as a patrol officer
-1928-1930
~Chief of Wichita, Kansas Police Department
-Police Administration
-Redefined police role -> crime fighter image
-Professional image = remove public from policing
William Parker
-Reformed LAPD in the 1950s
~Increased recruitment requirements
~LA model = tough on crime
~”thin blue line”
-Opposed restrictions on police methods
Civil Rights Movement
-1960s-1970s
~Civil rights issues
~Racial tensions
~Political changes
-1960s asked
~What is the true role/function of the police?
~Agent of the state? Public servant? Oppressor? Social worker?
Court Cases
-1961
~Mapp v. Ohio
*Exclusionary Rule
-1963
~Giddeon v. Wainwright
*Poor Representation
-1964
~Escobedo v. Illinois
*Lawyers During Questioning
-1966
~Miranda v. Arizona
*Rights Read
-1968
~Terry v. Ohio
*Stop and Frist Rights
-Helped define roles/ functions/limits of the police
President’s Crime Commission
-Few inquiries about police functions and methods
-Five different commissions for the 1960s and 70s
-President’s Crime Commission
~Found new problems with policing
*Lack of minority representation
*Poor community relations
*Poor educational requirements
*Poor screening of applicants
**Basically, the need a return to Peel’s vision
The Community Era
-1980s to present
~Continued professionalization, but…
*Not only about police work/tactics
*Communication, social, and problem-solving skills
*Ethics/morals
~Controlling police discretion
~Racial/Ethnic relations and cultural needs
~Focus on research
~Chage the “look” of modern policing
*Women, minorities, college students
*Selection criteria
~Citizen oversight/review
*Social contract
~Organization change
~Different methods
The Pendleton Act (1883)
-Provide that Federal government job be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams
~Unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law
Bow Street Runners
-By 1785, the Feilding brothers thief takers evolved into some of the more famous police in English history
Reactive Policing
-Responding to Requests
-Immediate Response to calls
-Follow-up Investigation
-Police Presence through response
-Us. v. them mentality
-Benefits
~No extra expenses
~Money can be used for more advanced training for officers
~Officer Availability
*Respond to calls faster
~Presence of uniformed officers and marked vehicles
~9-1-1 and Non-Emergency Lines Being Reliable
