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BMS Exam 4 > Secretory Functions of the GI System > Flashcards

Secretory Functions of the GI System Flashcards

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1
Q

Two main types of protein secretions

A

Digestive Enzymes
Mucus (primarily for lubrication)

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2
Q

Four types of Alimentary Tract Glands

A

Mucous Goblet Cells
Surface Pit Cells
Tubular Glands
Complex Glands

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3
Q

Three things that activate the enteric nervous system

A

Tactile stimulation, chemical irritation, and distention of the wall of the gut

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4
Q

When the myenteric and submucosal plexuses become activated, this causes ___

A

general increase in gastrointestinal activity, including secretions

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5
Q

What does the Golgi do with protein enzymes and hormones for secretion?

A

The Golgi Apparatus refines the proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles.

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6
Q

Two types of stimulation that trigger stimulation of the cell triggers exocytosis of the substance (secretion).

A

Neural or Hormonal stimulation

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7
Q

Salivary secretions are a combination of these two types of protein secretions

A

Serous (containing Ptyalin, an Amylase) - Initiates starch digestion
Mucus (containing Mucin) - Lubrication and surface protectant

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8
Q

As the salivary secretion moves through the gland, _____ are reabsorbed or secreted to create the optimal solution.

A

electrolytes

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9
Q

Saliva production is regulated by the ______ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

Two main types of stomach glands and their secretions

A

Gastric Glands, AKA Oxyntic Glands
Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus.

Pyloric Glands
Secrete mucus and the important hormone Gastrin.

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11
Q

The lining of the stomach secretes a protective mucus to prevent it being destroyed by the pH, which is between ___ and ___

A

1.0 and 2.5

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12
Q

Gastric Glands in the stomach and what they secrete (SCEMP)

A

Surface Mucous cells - mucin
Chief Cells - Pepsinogen
Enterochomaffin-Like Cells - Histamine
Mucous neck cells - mucin
parietal cells - HCL

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13
Q

These two secretions denature proteins

A

HCL and pepsinogen/pepsin

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14
Q

Two functions of mucus secretions in stomach mucosa

A

Creates a protective Alkaline gel between mucosa and the strong acid inside the stomach.
Contributes to the lubrication of food for transportation.

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15
Q

Which pump is used heavily in transporting H+ ions into the stomach

A

Hydrogen potassium pump

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16
Q

______ and ______ stimulate parietal cells

A

Acetylcholine; Histamine from ECL cells

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17
Q

_____ Stimulates ECL Cells

A

Gastrin

18
Q

Where are Gastrin “G” cells found?

A

Gastrin “G” Cells are found in the Pyloric glands in the Stomach, in the Duodenum, and in the Pancreas

19
Q

3 Stimulators of Gastrin

A

The presence of the products of protein digestion in the stomach.
Distention of the stomach.
Vagal nerve stimulation.

20
Q

Secretion of _____ will cause inhibition of Gastrin Cells

A

Secretion of Somatostatin from Delta “D” cells, activated by the presence of large amounts of H+.

21
Q

Pepsinogen is ______ in its secreted form

A

Inactive

22
Q

Pepsin is proteolytic, meaning that it ___

A

digests protein

23
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

A glycoprotein that is secreted by parietal cells that is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12.

24
Q

A vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to something called

A

Pernicious Anemia (macrocytic)

25
Q

Pancreatic juices flow through the pancreatic duct, then join with the common bile duct at the _____

A

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater)

26
Q

In addition to enzymes, the pancreas also secretes

A

large amounts of bicarbonate ions

27
Q

Types of pancreatic secretions and what they digest

A

Trypsin - Protein Digestion
Pancreatic Amylase - Carbohydrate digestion
Pancreatic Lipase, Cholesterol Esterase and phospholipase - Fat digestion

28
Q

The secretion of these various digestive enzymes is initiated by three important stimuli

A

Acetylcholine, Cholecystokinin, and Secretin.

29
Q

When food enters the duodenum, ____ and ____ are secreted

A

Cholecystokinin and Secretin

30
Q

Initially, the proteolytic enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypolypeptidase) are in their inactive forms (ex: Trypsinogen), waiting to be activated by ____ in the small intestine

A

enterokinase

31
Q

cells in the Pancreatic Acini secrete the substance _____, which prevents activation of _____ inside the pancreas

A

Trypsin Inhibitor; Trypsinogen

32
Q

If the pancreas becomes damaged and Trypsin inhibitor becomes overwhelmed, this can lead to ______

A

Acute Pancreatitis

33
Q

Amylase or lipase levels at least ____ normal are generally considered diagnostic for acute pancreatitis.

A

3 times above

34
Q

Function of Bicarbonate in the pancreas

A

Bicarbonate makes pancreatic secretions alkali to neutralize the hydrochloric acid

35
Q

Cell type that secrete bile

A

Hepatocytes

36
Q

Bile serves two main functions:

A

Helps to emulsify, digest and absorb fats from the chyme.
Serves as a way for the body to excrete waste products from the body, like Bilirubin and excess cholesterol.

37
Q

When Chyme (which contains fat and protein) reaches the Duodenum, _____ secrete Cholecystokinin (CCK).

A

duodenal epithelial cells

38
Q

Which substance leads to Gallbladder contraction, Sphincter of Oddi relaxation
Bile and Pancreatic Juice delivery to duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin

39
Q

________ are large mucous glands located in the wall of the duodenum between the pylorus and the sphincter of Oddi

A

Brunner’s Glands

40
Q

Brunner’s Glands secrete alkaline mucus in order to ___________

A

protect the duodenal wall from the highly acidic gastric contents entering through the pyloric sphincter.

41
Q

The flow of electrolytes and water that provides a watery vehicle for the absorption of nutrients from the chyme happens here

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

42
Q

Secretion of mucus serves what functions in the Colon?

A

Protects against excoriation
Provides adherent medium for holding fecal matter together
Protects colonic wall from large amount of bacterial activity

BMS Exam 4 (6 decks)

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