Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS Exam 4 > Hepatic Physiology > Flashcards

Hepatic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The basic functional unit of the liver is the ________

A

Liver Lobule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The liver lobule is constructed around a _____, which empties into the ______

A

Central Vein; Hepatic Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The liver can be compared to being the “_________” center of the body

A

waste management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The lobules are composed of many ______, which are collections of ______ that radiate out from the central vein like spokes of a wheel

A

Cellular Plates; Hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adjacent to the hepatocytes are _______ that collect bile secreted by the hepatocytes and empty into Bile Ducts

A

Bile Canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are small branches of the portal vein called? Where do they transport blood from?

A

Portal Venules; Transport venous blood coming in from the gastrointestinal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Trace the path of blood from GI system to the IVC through the liver

A

GI > Hepatic portal vein > Portal Venules > Hepatic sinusoids > Central Vein > Hepatic Vein > IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where hepatic arterioles supply blood to?

A

providing oxygenated blood to the lobule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The sinusoids are lined by endothelial cells and large ______

A

Kupffer Cells (gate keeper cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The spaces between the lining of the sinusoid and the cellular plate are called the _________

A

Spaces of Disse (AKA perisinusoidal spaces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do Kupffer cells do?

A

Kupffer Cells are resident macrophages that line the sinusoid and are capable of rapidly phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What % of bacteria entering circulation from the intestine makes it past the Kupffer army and into systemic circulation?

A

Less than 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The portal vein runs _____ the liver while the hepatic veins _____ the liver

A

Enters, exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Hepatic Portal systems’ main function is to

A

drain blood from the GI tract and takes blood to the liver for further absorption and processing of material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trace the path of oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver lobules

A

Abdominal Aorta > Celiac trunk > Hepatic Artery > right and left hepatic arteries > hepatic arterioles > liver lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of the hepatic vein

A

Draining deoxygenated venous blood and cleansed portal blood from the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All central veins drain into the ____

A

Hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most common cause of portal hypertension

A

Cirrhosis of the liver: damage to the liver to which the architecture (hepatocytes) of the liver is lost and disrupts the flow of blood through the portal vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Portal hypertension is characterizes as an ______ in Portal Vein

A

Increase in intravascular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Portal hypertension can result in

A

(ASCE)
Ascites
Splenic Engorgement
Caput Medusae: recanalization of the paraumbilical veins
Esophageal Varices: Dilated submucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Liver functions in carbohydrate metabolism (3 things)

A

Storage of large amounts of glycogen (chains of glucose)
Conversion of galactose and fructose to glucose
Gluconeogenesis (making glucose from fats or proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The liver plays an especially important role in maintaining a normal blood _____ concentration

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

An excess of blood glucose triggers _____ within the liver

A

Glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called

A

Glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

If both blood glucose and liver glycogen stores are low, what process must occur?

A

Gluconeogenesis: conversion of certain amino acids or glycerol from triglycerides into glucose.

26
Q

What functions does the liver have in fat metabolism?

A

Oxidation of fatty acids
Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids, and most lipoproteins
Synthesis of fats from proteins and carbohydrates

27
Q

Fats initially bypass the liver by _____

A

Lymphatic drainage (via chylomicrons)

28
Q

______ hydrolyzes triglycerides

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

29
Q

By what process can the liver can split free fatty acids into compounds that form Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA).

A

Beta-Oxidation

30
Q

________ is the process by which excess proteins or carbohydrates are synthesized into fat for storage in adipose tissue

A

Lipogenesis

31
Q

____ and ____ are synthesized by the hepatocytes

A

Bile and phospholipids

32
Q

In order for the absorbed amino acids to be used for energy or converted into fats or carbohydrates, this process must occur

A

Deamination: This is when an amine group is removed from an amino acid, creating Ammonia (NH3).

33
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy in liver disease can be caused by high levels of

A

Ammonia

34
Q

_______ is the process that creates Ammonia

A

Deamination

35
Q

To get rid of Ammonia, the liver must convert it to _____ to be excreted in the kidneys

A

Urea (via urea cycle)

36
Q

hypoalbuminemia can occur in liver failure and results in

A

Edema and contribute to ascites

37
Q

Main plasma protein synthesized by the liver

A

Albumin (Additionally thrombopoietin and angiotensinogen)

38
Q

The so-called Non-Essential amino acids can all be synthesized by the liver through a process called _____

A

Transamination

39
Q

Important markers (transaminase enzymes) for liver injury

A

Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
Aspartate Transaminase (AST)

40
Q

The vitamin stored in the greatest quantity in the liver is ______

A

Vitamin A

41
Q

Apoferritin is a universal intracellular protein in hepatocytes that has the ability to store ____

A

Iron

42
Q

Serum _____ lab test can be used in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

A

Ferritin

43
Q

T/F - coagulation factors and other proteins necessary for coagulation and hemostasis are made in the liver

A

True

44
Q

Which coagulation factors are produced by Vitamin K?

A

Factors II, VII, IX, and X

45
Q

We obtain Vitamin K from dietary intake of _____

A

green, leafy vegetables.

46
Q

Whether due to Vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, or both, these two things occur

A

Increased risk of hemorrhage
Prevents effective hemostasis

47
Q

In patients with severe liver disease, thyroxine and steroid hormones can accumulate in large emounts, potentially causing ____ in men

A

Gynecomastia

48
Q

A large percentage of prescribed pharmacologic drugs are metabolized in the liver by _____

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes.

49
Q

Bilirubin is an end product of what process

A

hemoglobin degradation

50
Q

Lifespan of redblood cells

A

120 days

51
Q

Path of RBCs to Bilirubin

A

Fragile RBCs rupture in circulation > free hemoglobin taken up by tissue macrophages > heme oxygenase converts heme to biliverdin > reduction of biliverdin to unconjugated bilirubin > conjugated in liver to become bilirubin

52
Q

How is unconjugated bilirubin taken up by the hepatocytes?

A

Quickly binds with albumin and is taken up by Hepatocytes via Facilitated Diffusion

53
Q

Conjugated Bilirubin is excreted by _____ Transport into the Bile

A

Active Transport

54
Q

______ in the intestine converts about half of Bilirubin into Urobilinogen

A

Bacterial action

55
Q

T/F - a large portion of Urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the Hepatic Portal System

A

T

56
Q

Jaundice occurs as a result of accumulation of large quantities of _____ in the extracellular fluids because of high blood levels and can be ___ or ____

A

Bilirubin; conjugated or unconjugated

57
Q

Two types of Jaundice

A

Hemolytic anemias result in rapid release of bilirubin into the blood.

Liver disease or a downstream hepatobiliary obstruction can result in the inability to excrete even a normal amount of bilirubin

58
Q

What is “direct” bilirubin? “indirect”?

A

Direct: conjugated
Indirect: Unconjugated

59
Q

Hemolytic jaundice results in large amounts of serum _____ bilirubin

A

unconjugated

60
Q

liver disease and obstructive jaundice result in high levels of serum _____ bilirubin

A

conjugated

61
Q

These cells line the sinusoid and phagocytize bacteria and other foreign invaders in the liver

A

Kupffer Cells

62
Q

Ascites is a result of _____ (portal HTN) and ______ (low serum albumin from liver disease)

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure; decreased oncotic pressure

BMS Exam 4 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions