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Module 4 - Saliva > Secretion > Flashcards

Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 components of saliva?

A

water
electrolytes
organic components

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2
Q

what produces primary secretion?

A

acinus

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3
Q

where is primary secretion midified?

A

striated duct

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4
Q

what change in composition happens within the striated ducts?

A

conversion from isotonic to a hypotonic solution
resorption of Na and Cl
secretion of HCO and K

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5
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate?

A

plaque acid neutralisation

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6
Q

at rest, what are striated cells impermeable to?

A

water

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7
Q

what happens when saliva flows through striated ducts?

A

increase K concentration
decrease Na concentration
decrease Cl

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8
Q

what is the effect of slow saliva rate on Na concentration?

A

much time for resorption of Na so low levels in saliva

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9
Q

what is the effect of high saliva flow rate on Na concentrations?

A

less time for resorption of Na so less in saliva

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10
Q

what happens when there is high gland activity?

A

increased HCO in saliva

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11
Q

where does most of the formation and secretion of organic components in saliva occur?

A

acinar cells

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12
Q

what type of ducts is there little change within?

A

intercalated

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13
Q

what type of ducts is there large change in composition in?

A

striated

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14
Q

when doo striated ducts change composition?

A

conversion from isotonic to a hypotonic solution, resorption of Na and Cl, secretion of HCO and K

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15
Q

at rest, what cells are impermeable to water?

A

striated cells

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16
Q

what happens to Na and K concentrations as saliva flows through striated ducts?

A

increase K concentration
decrease Na concentration
Cl also decrease as follows Na

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17
Q

what adds HCO to saliva secretion?

A

Cl/HCO exchanger

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18
Q

what is the outcome of adding HCO to saliva secretion?

A

pH buffer

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19
Q

how does a low flow rate effect Na concentration?

A

very low Na in saliva
due to much time for resorption

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20
Q

how does high flow rate effect Na concentration in saliva?

A

less reduction of Na in saliva
due to less time for resorption

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21
Q

what increases in saliva with high gland activity?

A

HCO

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22
Q

what forms and secretes organic components?

A

mainly acinar cells

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23
Q

where is protein synthesised?

A

ribosomes on the RER

24
Q

what does protein synthesis require?

A

ATP from mitochondria

25
Q

where is protein transferred to?

A

golgi apparatus

26
Q

what happens after protein is transferred to golgi apparatus?

A

exocytosis

27
Q

what are the types of exocrine secretory mechanisms?

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

28
Q

what is merocrine secretion?

A

classical “exocytosis”
no loss of cell itself
predominant mechanism in saliva

29
Q

what is apocrine secretion?

A

loss of part of the cells
e.g., in some sweat glands

30
Q

what is holocrine secretion?

A

loss of whole cell
e.g., in sebaceous glands

31
Q

what controls secretory mechanisms?

A

autonomic nervous system

32
Q

where would you find the pre-ganglionic neuron and where does it synapse?

A

brain/ spinal cord
synapses in a ganglion

33
Q

where would you find the post-ganglionic neuron and where does it terminate?

A

the ganglion
terminates in the effector organ/ tissue

34
Q

what are the transmitters in the sympathetic autonomic pathways?

A

acetylcholine - pre ganglionic
noradrenaline/ acetylcholine - post ganglionic

35
Q

what are the transmitters in the parasympathetic autonomic pathway?

A

acetylcholine - post ganglionic

36
Q

what is the relationship between parasympathetics and sympathetic in control of saliva secretion?

A

not reciprocal

37
Q

what do parasympathetics do in saliva secretion?

A

increase secretion
vasodilation

38
Q

what do sympathetics do in saliva secretion?

A

alpha1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors
increase secretion
vasoconstriction

39
Q

what cranial nerve targets the lingual gland?

A

IX

40
Q

what ganglion is associated with the lingual gland?

A

remaks

41
Q

what cranial nerve targets the parotid gland?

A

IX

42
Q

what ganglion is associated with the parotid gland?

A

otic

43
Q

what cranial nerve is associated with the sublingual gland?

A

VII

44
Q

what cranial nerve is associated with the submandibular gland?

A

VII

45
Q

what cranial nerve supplies the palatal gland?

A

VII

46
Q

what ganglion is associated with the sublingual and submandibular glands?

A

submandibular

47
Q

what ganglion is associated with the palatal gland

A

pterygopalatine

48
Q

what is the receptor of parasympathetic control of saliva secretion?

A

muscarinic

49
Q

what is the antagonist of parasympathetic control of saliva secretion?

A

atropine

50
Q

what is the result of parasympathetic control of saliva secretion?

A
  • Increase K permeability of acinus.
  • First stage in acinar ionic secretion
  • Responsible for most of the increase in volume of saliva flow
  • Small, variable increase in organic components
  • Contraction of myoepithelial cells
51
Q

what is the result of sympathetic control of saliva secretion?

A

increased exocytosis of organic components
contraction of myoepithelial cells

52
Q

what does stress induce?

A

induces sympathetic, so thick, low volume saliva. No parasympathetics

53
Q

when is freys syndrome likely to occur?

A

post parotid surgery

54
Q

what is freys syndrome?

A

Damage to auriculotemporal nerve
- Parasympathetic to salivary glands (Ach)
- Sympathetic to facial sweat glands (Ach)
Regeneration of damaged nerves
- Nerves mixed and misdirected.
- Salivary nerves – sweat glands.
Salivary stimulant (gustatory)
- Activation of sweat glands – sweating
Gustatory sweating

55
Q

what are signals that initiate saliva flow?

A
  • Reflex salivation – gustatory afferents (taste)
  • Mechanoreceptive afferents (PDL, mucosa, joint and muscle)
  • Ipsilateral (saliva flow increases on the side you chew on).

Module 4 - Saliva (7 decks)

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