Secondary and Tertiary Species - Pertinent Biology and Husbandry Flashcards
1
Q
Mongolian gerbil species name
A
Meriones unguiculatus
2
Q
Gerbil research uses
A
Cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of common carotid artery
Epilepsy - spontaneous
Auditory
Parasitic infection (esp. filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi)
Rift valley fever
3
Q
Gerbil ventral abdominal marking gland is androgen _______
A
Dependent
4
Q
Gerbil adrenal gland comparative anatomy
A
3x size of rat adrenal in consideration of body weight
5
Q
Gerbil gestation period
A
24-26 days (prolonged if lactating up to 27 days; if bred post-partum can be delayed 48 days)
6
Q
Gerbil mating structure
A
Pair bonding (true monogamous?)
7
Q
Gerbil weaning age
A
25 days (as early as 21d)
8
Q
Gerbil response to >4% dietary fat
A
Hypercholesterolemia
9
Q
Gerbil substrate husbandry requirement
A
Sand bathing
10
Q
Gerbil oxyurid
A
Dentostomella translucida
11
Q
Gerbil estrus cycle length
A
4-6 days
12
Q
Guinea pig scientific name
A
Cavia porcellus
13
Q
Guinea pig number of digits on feet
A
4 on forefeet
3 on hind feet
14
Q
Guinea pig number of mammary gland pairs
A
1 (inguinal)
15
Q
Guinea pig diploid number
A
2n=64
16
Q
Guinea pig daily food consumption
A
6g/100g body weight
17
Q
Guinea pig daily water consumption
A
10 mL/100g body weight
18
Q
Guinea pig unique leukocyte
A
Foa-Kurloff cell
Estradiol dependent
Primarily in thymus, spleen, liver, lungs
Increased numbers in circulation in pregnancy + present in placenta (roll in preventing maternal rejection?)
NK activity
Large mucopolysaccharide intracytoplasmic inclusion body
19
Q
Guinea pig response to corticosteroid injections
A
Relatively resistant; numbers of lymphocytes not markedly reduced
Similar to ferret and primates
20
Q
Guinea pig thymic anatomy
A
Accessory thymic islets in fascia - hard to remove completely surgically
No afferent lymphatic vessels
21
Q
Guinea pig dental formula
A
1/0/1/3
22
Q
Guinea pig tooth roots
A
All are hypsodontic
23
Q
Guinea pig palatal ostium
A
Access to esophagus and trachea; small; makes intubation challenging
24
Q
Guinea pig respiratory
A
Airyway hyperresponsiveness resembles human
25
Guinea pig stomach anatomy
100% glandular
Undivided
Unlike other rodents (who normally have a limiting ridge and non-glandular portion)
26
Guinea pig coronary artery anatomy
Well developed intercoronary collateral network - difficult to induce caridac infarct with acute coronary artery occlusion
27
Preyer reflex
Cocking of the pinnae in response to a sharp sound
Guinea pigs used as measurement of hearing function
28
Guinea pig response to hypohysectomy
Does not alter the growth rate, unlike other species
29
Hormone responsible for growth in the guinea pig
Somatomedins insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II
Not growth hormone dependent
30
Guinea pig estrus cycle length
15-17 days
31
Guinea pig gestation
59-72 days (average 68)
32
Guinea pig postpartum estrus?
Yes - 60-80% fertile
33
Guinea pig weaning age
14-28 days
34
Guinea pig accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles, prostate, coagulating (Cowpers) gland, bulbourethral gland, preputial glands (rudimentary)
35
Guinea pig penis anatomy
Os penis
36
Guinea pig inguinal anatomy
Inguinal canals open for life; testes remain in inguinal pouches
37
Guinea pig cervix anatomy
Single os cervix
38
Guinea pig vagina anatomy
Vaginal closure membrane ruptures before estrus and reforms after ovulation
39
Guinea pig age of pubic symphysis calcification
6-9 months
40
Method of estrus synchronization in guinea pigs
Progesterone administration; no synchronization with group housing
41
Guinea pig placentation
Labryinthine hemonochorial
42
Hormone responsible for loosening of fibrocartilaginous pubic symphysis
Relaxin
43
Guinea pig nesting behavior
None
44
Guinea pig neonate appearance
Precocious
45
Method of superovulation in guinea pigs
Injection of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and active immunization against the inhibin alpha-subunit
46
Guinea pig deficiency in enzyme for vitamin C and function
L-gulonolactone oxidase
Converts L-gulonolactone in to L-ascorbate and L-dehydroascorbic acid
47
Hamster dental formula
1/0/0/3 x2
48
Syrian hamster which gender is larger
Female
49
Syrian hamster original research purpose
Leishmania research
50
Syrian hamster chemical induction of neoplasia
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - nitrosamines
Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma - NNK (4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-q-butanone
Renal tumor - estrogen in males
51
Syrian hamster biologic administration induction of neoplasia
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - PGHAM-1 cell line
Multiple tumor types - SV40 virus
52
Hamster permits replication of what human virus
Adenoviruses
53
Hamster neonate incisor eruption
Present at birth
54
Hamster pup ears open
Day 4-5
55
Hamster pup eyes open
Day 14-16
56
Syrian hamster weaning age
21 days
57
Day of gestation optimal for teratogen studies in syrian hamster
Day 8
58
Syrian hamster diploid chromosome number
2n=44
59
Syrian hamster daily water consumption
30 mL/day
60
Syrian hamster daily food consumption
10-15 g/day
61
Syrian hamster gestation
15-18 days
62
Syrian hamster puberty
Males: 6-8 weeks
Females: 8-12 weeks (but then says 6-8 weeks in text?)
63
Syrian hamster cheek pouch anatomy
Rich in mast cells
High vascular - branches of external carotid artery
Stratified squamous epithelium
Lack an intact lymphatic drainage pathway - "immunologically privileged"
64
Syrian hamster stomach anatomy
2 distinct compartments - glandular and nonglandular separated by incisurae of greater and lesser curvatures
Nonglandular portion functions similar to ruminant
65
Syrian hamster pancreatic duct empties to...
Common bile duct (similar to mice/rats; dissimilar to other mammals)
66
Syrian hamster development of reproductive and urogenital tracts
Develop from same embryonic germinal ridge
Makes kidneys highly responsive to estrogen
67
Syrian hamster adrenal gland dimorphism
Males > females
Males have greater number of reticular cells in cortex
68
Syrian hamster immunoglobulins
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
IgG exists as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3
IgD not defined
69
Syrian hamster harderian gland function
Lubricates eyes and eyelids
Site of immune response
Source of thermoregulatory lipids and pheromones
Photoprotective
Part of retinal-pineal axis
70
Syrian hamster harderian gland sexual dimorphism
Females secrete more porphyrin than males
Androgen-dependent, seasonal variation
Not reported in other hamster species
71
Syrian flank gland sexual dimorphism
Prominent in males; not easily identified in females
72
Syrian hamster flank gland type of gland
Sebaceous
Androgen-responsive
73
Mineral requirements increased for syrian hamster
Zinc, copper, potassium
74
Syrian hamster consequence of switching from natural ingredient to semipurified diet
Colocolonic intussusception within 7-10 days
75
Syrian hamster response to corticosteroids
More sensitive than other species
76
Syrian hamster response to morphine
No sedative or hypnotic effects
77
Syrian hamster antibiotics that cause c. diff
Lincomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin
Ampicillin, cephalosporins, penicillin
Gentamicin, vancomycin
78
Syrian hamster estrus cycle
4 days
79
Syrian hamster day of postovulatory discharge
day 2 of cycle
80
Syrian hamster when to mate after postovulatory discharge
Evening of the third day after postovulatory discharge
81
Syrian hamster postpartum estrus
Estrus cycle does not normally resume until 1-8 days following parturition
(Anovulatory postpartum estrus)
82
Syrian hamster breeding photoperiod
14:10
83
Syrian hamster amyloidosis sex predeliction
Females predisposed to acquire, with increased severity and earlier onset
Females have 100-200x greater amyloid P (AP) levels than males
84
Syrian hamster atrial thrombosis sex predeliction
Males and females equally affected
Females develop condition at earlier age
85
Cat retroviruses
FIV (Lentivirus)
FeLV (Gammaretrovirus)
Feline Foamy Virus (Spumavirus)
86
Cat spinal cord
Similar in length (34 cm) and anatomy to humans
87
Cat affiliative behaviors more common in what gender
Females
88
Time of cat quarantine from non-SPF sources
At least 6 weeks
89
Cat puberty onset
5-9 months (female)
8-13 months (males)
90
Cat estrus cycle
Seasonally polyestrus
Season = Jan/Feb to September in northern hemisphere
91
Cat light cycle for maximum fertility
14:10
Cats are extremely sensitive to photoperiod
92
Cat criticial photoperiod length for reproductive cycling
At least 10 hours of light per 24 hours
93
Cat mating scheme
Polygamous
94
Cat reproductive rest period
Not required, but can enhance reproductive efficacy
4-6 weeks of short (8h light) days per year
95
Blood type _____ toms should not be bred to blood type _______ queens to prevent ____________
A
B
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
96
Cat dietary requirements
Taurine
Arginine
Arachidomic acid
Vitamins A, D, many B vits
97
Tarsier genus and anatomic features
Tarsius
Nocturnal
Large eyes, mobile ears
Toilet claws
Two-part mandible
No naked rhinarium, no dental comb
Upright incisors, dry, furry nose
Hemochorial placenta
98
Lesser ape anatomic features
True brachiators
Lack external tail
Family: Hylobatidae
Gibbons and siamangs
99
Marmoset genus
Callithrix
Callimico
100
Tamarin genus
Saguinus
Leontopithecus
101
CITES I Marmosets
Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset)
Callithrix aurita (Buffy-tufted marmoset)
Callithrix flaviceps (buffy-headed marmoset)
102
CITES I Tamarins
All Leontopithecus (lion tamarins)
Saguinus bicolor (pied tamarin)
Saguinus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's tamarin)
Saguinus leucopus (white-footed/silvery-brown tamarin)
Saguinus martinsi (martin's/bare-faced tamarin)
Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin)
103
CITES I squirrel monkeys
Saimiri oerstedii (Central American squirrel monkey)
104
Prosimian nose
Naked, moist snout
Rhinarium
Fissured, fixed upper lip (i.e. dogs and cats)
105
Prosimian distinguishing anatomy
Toilet claw on second digit of the foot
Toothcomb - formed from lower incisors
Sublingual structure for cleaning toothcomb
106
Prosimian dental formula
2/1/3/3 x2 (except Indridae)
107
Prosimian placentation
Epitheliochorial
Except Tarsiidae - hemochorial
108
Platyrrhine anatomic features
Broadly spaced, laterally flared nares
No cheek pouches or ischial callosities
109
Platyrrhine reproductive features
Estrous cycles
(except Cebus - menstruate)
Hemochorial placenta
110
Platyrrhine behavioral features
Diurnal (except Aotus)
Arboreal
111
Platyrrhine dietary requirements
Required vitamin D3; D2 is not bioavailable
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
112
Cebidae dental formula
(Cabus [capuchin] + saimirii [squirrel monkeys]
2/1/3/3 x2
113
Callithrichidae dental formula
2/1/3/2
114
old world primate dental formula
2/1/2/3
115
Instead of nails, callitrichidae have _________ on their digits
Claws or falcula
116
Callitrcihidae opposable digits
Hallux - first digit of each foot. Has special nail.
Thumb is NOT opposable
117
Location and type of gland - callitrichidae circumgenital gland
Labia majora and pudendum in female, scrotum in males
Sebaceous glands overlying enlarged apocrine glands
Scent-marking
118
Location and type of gland - callitrchidae sternal gland
Anterior chest
Apocrine glands
Scent-marking
119
Difference in teeth between marmoset and tamarin
Maromset - incisors same length as canine
Tamarin - longer canine teeth
120
Composition of callithrix jacchus groups
May be multimale-multifemale, one male-multifemale, or one female-multimale
Typically, only one breeding pair per group reproduce (but all members contribute to rearing)
121
Composition of tamarin group
Multimale-multifemale social structure
Polyandry mating system - multiple males copulate with with reproductively dominant female
Polygyny and monogamy may also occur
122
Callitrchidae diet composition
Omnivores
Significant time spent consuming tree exudates/gums
123
Callithrix estrus cycle
28.6 days
124
Callithrix postpartum estrus
Present - no lactational anestrus
Ovulation occurs 9-11 days following parturition
125
Saguinus estrus cycle
22.7-25.7 days, depending on species (Generally shorter than callithrix)
126
Saguinus postpartum estrus
None
127
Callithrix jacchus gestation period
148 days
128
Callithrix jacchus age at sexual maturity
477 days (female)
382 days (male)
129
Saguinus gestation period
Generally, 140-170 days
S. oedipus: 168 days
S. fuscicollis: 150-155
S. labiatus/mystax: 140-150
130
Saguinus oedipus age at sexual maturity
550 days (1,5 years)
131
Female callitrchids are ____________ and ______________ is the rule, but other numbers of young may also be born
Polyovulatory
Dizygotic twinning
132
What occurs in callitrchidae due to placental vascular anastamoses
Blood chimerism
133
How do female callitrchidae avoid becoming freemartins in utero
EFfective aromatizing enxyme system
Coverts androgens to estrone
134
Callithrix wean age
Lactation for 65-90 days
Completely weaned by 100 days
135
Condition in marmosets associated with standard dietary iron in new world primate diets
hepatic hemosiderosis
136
Anatomic difference between callithrix jacchus ibd and saguinus oedipus ibd
C. jacchus - small intestine - villous atrophy
S. oedipus - large intestine - crypt abscessation; model of human ulcerative colitis
137
Callithrix jacchus diploid chromosome number
2n=46
138
Aotus behavior
Nocturnal
Arboreal
Monogamous, males participate in infant rearing
139
Aotus ocular anatomy
Retinal fovea (similar to diurinal species)
Lack tapetum lucidum (similar to diurnal species)
Large, more spherical lens (different to diurnal species)
Decreased # of cones compared to other primates with increased # of rods
140
Aotus metabolic rate
Lower than predicted for mammal its size
141
Saimiri metabolic rate
Higher than predicted for size
142
Aotus diploid chromosome
2n=46-56
Can have karyotypic variation without infertility
143
Aotus sexual dimorphism
Lack - difficult to phenotypically differentiate sex
144
Aotus scent marking
Apocrine glands on face and brow, sternal, subcaudal gland in perianal region
Also drink mates urine and do urine washing
145
Aotus estrus cycle length
15-18 days
A. azarai slightly longer, 22 days
146
Aotus gestation length
117, 121, 133, 148-159
Highly variable based on species
147
Aotus postpartum estrus
None
148
Aotus reproductive seasonality
None in captivity
May-September birth seasonality in wild
149
Aotus number of infants per birth
Singleton
Twinning very rare
150
Aotus driver of leaving natal group
NOT aggression
No increase in aggression as offspring go through puberty
151
Aotus room temperature
75-80
152
New world primate nest box sanitation schedule
In general, every other week
OPPOSITE schedule to cage change/sanitation
153
Saimiri sexual dimorphism
Present (less so than OWP)
Males are 35-30% heavier
Males have larger, longer canines
Females >5 years have black spot in peri-auricular region
154
Squirrel monkey diploid chromosome number
2n=44
155
Squirrel monkey group composition
Large multimale, multifemale groups
Most species males leave natal group at puberty
S. oerstedii - females leave natal group, males remain
156
Saimiri breeding seasonality
December to March in Northern hemisphere - breeding season
Males undero fatting prior to breeding season
157
Saimiri estrus cycle
9.5 days during breeding season
158
Saimiri gestation length
150 days
159
Saimiri peak corticotropin-releasing hormone
Mid-gestation (45-70 days)
Other species, peak is just prior to parturition
160
Factors that contribute to reduced saimiri reproduction
Early abortion (if abortion occurs, may not have another chance to conceive before breeding season ends)
High incidence of dystocia and stillbirths (fetus is 18% of nonpregnant weight of dam)
161
Saimiri parturition
Occurs in summer
Infant actively participates in delivery
162
Saimiri infant care
Males do not participate
Allomothering does occur
163
Saimiri dietary requirements
D3 and C (as other NWP)
High requirement for folic acid
164
Largest old world NHP
Baboons
165
Baboon sexual dimorphism
Marked
Males can be 2x female size
Females have separation between two ischial callosities, males are fused below anus
166
Scientific name olive baboons
Papio anubis
167
Scientific name yellow baboons
Papio cyanocephalus
168
Scientific name chacma baboons
Papio usinus
169
Scientific name hamadyras baboons
Papio hamadryas
170
Dental formula baboon
2/1/2/3
171
Savannah baboon social structure
Large multimale multifemale groups
Females remain with natal group, males disperse
Linear dominance hierarchy
172
Savannah baboon male-male interactions are usually _______
More aggressive than affiliative
173
Baboon reproductive seasonality
Non-seasonal
174
Baboon sexual maturity
4-5 years (female)
5-7 years (male)
175
Hamadryas baboon social structure
One male social unit
Male is focus of attention
Clan = several one-male units that associate
Band = several clans
176
Baboon menstrual cycle length
29 days (captive) to 40 days (wild P. anubis)
177
Baboon gestation length
180 days
178
Baboon wean age
6 months
179
African green monkey scientific name
Chlorocebus aethiops
180
African green diploid chromosome number
2n=60
181
African green dental formula
2/1/2/3
182
African green social structure
Multimale multifemale groups
Philopatry - females remain in natal groups, males migrate out
Matrilinear dominance hierarchy
183
Chlorocebus threat gesture
Eyelid display
Brow contraction that reveals pale skin of eyelids
184
African green sexual maturity
3 years (Female)
5-6 years (Male)
185
African green breeding seasonality
Seasonal, but what that season is is debated
186
African green menstural cycle
30-32 days
187
African green visual indicator of fertility
None
Unique for a cercopithecine living in multimale groups
May decrease infanticide
188
African green gestation
163-165 days
189
Chimpanzee dental formula
2/1/2/3
190
Year of NIH Chimp breeding moritorium
1995
191
Chimpanzee species name
Pan troglodytes
192
Chimpanzee diploid chromosome number
2n=48
193
Chimpanzee social structure
Male dominated fission-fusion groups
Male philopatry
Females emigrate from natal group
194
Chimpanzee menstrual cycle length
37 days
195
Chimpanzee gestation length
227-235 days
7.5-8 month
196
Chimpanzee CITES
All Pan species are CITES I
197
NIH-funded required chimpanzee husbandry (Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research)
Social groups of at least 7 individuals
20 feet vertical space
250 ft2 floor space per animal
198
Chimpanzee recommended immunizations
Polio at 1 year
Rabies at 2 years and boostered q3 years
MMR at 1 year and boostered annually
Tetanus at 1 year and boostered q5 years
199
Baboon recommended immunizations
RAbies at 1 year and boostered q3 years
Tetanus at 1 year and boostered q5 years
200
Marmoset recommended immunizations
MMR at 1 year and boostered annually
201
Cave Nectar Bat species name
Eonycteris spelaea
202
NHP prone to aortic aneurysm
Owl monkey
203
Japanese medaka scientific name
Oryzias latipes
204
Xenopus laevis diploid chromosome number
2n=36
205
Xenopus tropicalis diploid chromosome number
2n=20
206
Skin glands present in amphibians
Mucous glands
Granular glands - compounds (e.g. parotid gland of toads)
207
Amphibian urostyle composed of what bones
Postsacral vertebrae
208
Primary respiratory organ in most amphibians
Skin
209
Heart anatomy in amphibians
Larvae often have two chambered heart (like fish)
Adults often have 3-chambered heart
210
Xenopus laevis temperature
21-22 C
211
X laevis sexual dimorphism
Females larger than males
Females have large cloacal papillae
Males have nuptial pads on inner forearm
212
X laevis tongue anatomy
No tongue
213
X laevis breathing
Primarily lungs - skin respiration not as well developed as other amphibians
Even larvae use lungs in addition to gills for breathing
214
X laevis vision
Adapted for air vision rather than water
Eyes are dorsally located and lidless, convex cornea
Lack eyelids
215
X laevis metamorphosis age
2 months
216
X laevis sexual maturity
8 months
217
X laevis hatching
3 days after spawning
218
X laevis tadpole stocking density
50 tadpoles/L
5 metamorphosizing tadpoles/L
219
X laevis aseptic skin prep
Sterile saline
Skin contains antimicrobial agents
Can use dilute benzalkonium chloride or chlorhexidine (sparingly)
Cannot use soaps/scrubs
220
Red swamp crayfish species name
Procambarus clarkii
221
Etruscan shrew scientific name
Suncus etruscus
222
rainbow trout species name
Oncorhynchus mykiss
223
australian river gizzard shad species name
Nematalosa erebi
224
Ferret scientific name
Mustela putorius furo
225
Mustela nigripes
Black footed ferret
CITES I
226
Ferrets with a blaze or white head can suffer from what?
Waardenburg syndrome
Deafness
227
Ferret recommended temperature range
39.2 - 64.4 F
4-18C
228
Breeding and lactating jill light cycle
16 hours of light
(16:8)
229
Long-term breeding of ferrets requires "wintering" - what light cycle and for how long?
14 h of dark daily
(10:14)
230
Ferret daily food consumption
43 g/kg body weight
231
Ferret daily water consumption
75-100 mL
232
Ferret trachea is proportionally __________
long
233
Ferret lung capacity relative to predicted value based on body size
Much larger - 3x
234
Ferret bronchial anatomy
High degree of bronchial branching
Extensive bronchial submucosal glands
235
Ferret sweat glands
Lack well-developed sweat glands
Have plenty of stinky sebaceous glands
236
Site for ferret extramedullary hematopoiesis
Spleen - common
237
Ferret erythrocyte antibodies
Not documented - makes blood transfusion easy
238
Male ferret penis anatomy
Os penis
239
Ferret diploid chromosome number
40
240
Ferret dental formula
3/1/(4/3)/(1/2)
241
Ferret gestation
40-44 (42+/-2)
242
Ferret eyes open age
34 days
243
Ferret hearing onset age
32 days
244
Ferret weaning age
6-8 weeks
245
Ferret CBC features
Robust erythron (HCT, HGB, RBC > dog/cat)
Neutrophil and lymphocyte are relatively "tied" for most numerous WBC
246
Ferret urinalysis features
Low-grade proteinuria normal
247
Predisposing factor for urolithiasis in ferrets
Very high levels of plant protein
248
Ferret metabolism of B-carotene
Convert b-carotene to vitamin A in the gut and absorb b-carotene intact
Similar to humans
249
Ferret seasonality
Long-day breeders (March-July in Northern hemisphere)
Hobs return to season 1-2 months before jills
250
Result of transferring jills from short to long photoperiod prior to 90 days of age
Persistent anestrous
251
Difference in estrus serum FSH between rodent and ferret
Ferret: estrus is not associated with elevated serum FSH
Rodent: estrus is associated with elevated serum FSH
252
How can estrus be terminated in ferrets
Cotius-induced ovulation and pregnancy
Pseudopregnancy after infertile mating
PHarmacologic termination (hCG or GnRH)
Death - estrogen aplastic anemia
Spontaneous regression/anestrus - reduced photoperiod
253
Ferret maintenance of pregnancy
Corpus luteum
Anterior pituitary
254
Ferret placentation
Endotheliochorial
Zonary
255
Jill postpartum return to estrus
During or after lactation
Should be bred or chemically terminate estrus even if lactating
256
Most common ferret neoplasm
insulinoma
257
Sheep pathogen screening
Q fever (Coxiella burnetti - HHS select)
Contagious ecthyma (Orf)
Caseous lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
Johnes disease (Mycobacterium pseduotuberculosis)
Ovine progressive pneumonia (Lentivirus)
Parasites
258
Goat pathogen screening
Q fever (Coxiela burnetti - HHS select)
Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (lentivirus)
Brucellosis
Tuberculosis
Johnes disease (mycobacterium pseudotuberculosis)
CAE, Orf, mycoplasma PRN
259
Sheep, because of their wool, are ________ to temperature extremes
Remarkably tolerant to both hot and hold extremes
260
Sheep/goat light intensity recommendation
220 lux
261
Neonatal ruminant immune status
Immunocompetent
262
Goat erythrocytes
Lack central pallor - flat, lack biconcavity
263
Sheep are susceptible to what micronutrient toxicity
Copper
Cannot eat horse feed
264
Sheep and goat reproductive seasonality
Seasonally polyestrus
Season with decreased day length (8:16)
265
Sheep estrus cycle length
14-19 days
266
Goat estrus cycle length
18-24 days
267
Sheep gestation length
147-150 days
268
Goat gestation length
144-155 days
269
Ruminant placentation
Epitheliochorial
Cotyledonary
270
Ungulate species that exhibits pseduopregnancy
Goats
Uncommon in ungulates
271
Sheep number of neonates born
Twinning is common
Freemartin rare
272
Goats number of neonates born
Twinning is common
Freemartinism more than sheep but less than cattle
273
Ground squirrel genus name(s)
Urocitellus
Ictodomys
Spermophilus
274
Ground squirrel circadian rhythm
Diurnal
Undergo hibernation
275
Ground squirrel research use
Hibernation
Rattlesnake envenomation
Hepatitis B /HCC (Ground Squirrel hepatitis virus)
Cholesterol gallstone formation
276
Black-tailed prarie dog species name
Cynomys ludovicianus
277
Cynomys research use
Biliary physiology
Gallstone formation
Monkeypox
Yersenia pestis
Francisella tularensis
278
Cynomys behavior
Diurnal
Monoestrus
279
Cynomys major diseases
Yersenia pestis
Elodontoma
280
Pocket gopher genus(es)
Geomys
Thomomys
281
Geomys special anatomy
External fur-lined cheek pouches
Lips can close behind teeth
282
Thomomys research use
Molecular evolution
Host-parasite relationship
Environmental
283
Thomomys estrus cycle
Monestrus
284
Geomys caging
Fossorial habitat
Cannot use soil only substrate - will dig until die from exhaustion
285
Kangaroo rat scientific name
Dipodomys
(D. spectabilis and D. merriami)
286
Dipodomys dentition
Cheek teeth grow throughout life
Unique to their family
287
Dipodomys reserach use
Renal physiology
Osteoporosis
Neuroanatomy
Decompression sickness
288
Dipodomys dorsal gland
Androgen-INDEPENDENT oil secreting gland
289
Dipodomys behavior
Extremely aggressive to conspecifics
290
Dipodomys husbandry
Dust bath
If given ad lib water, may develop diabetes insipidus-like sydndrome
291
Pack rat scientific name
Neotoma
292
Neotoma use in research
Behavior/neurologic
Disease reservoir - murine typhus, trypanosoma, leishmania, plague, lyme disease, ehrlichia
Bunyaviridae - hantavirus
Arenaviruses
293
Neotoma ventral marking gland
Androgen dependent
294
Neotoma neonatal behavior/anatomy
Attach to nipple and are dragged around
295
Grasshopper mice scientific name
Onychomys
(O. torridus and O. leucogaster)
296
Onychomys diet
Carnivorous
297
Onychomys research use
BEhavior
Lyme disease
Antibody formation
Yersenia pestis
298
Onychomys circadian period
Nocturnal
299
Onychomys husbandry
Requires dust bath
300
Deer mice scientific name
Peromyscus
P. maniculatus, P leucopus
301
Peromyscus research use
Hyperlipidemia - higth fat diet
Epilepsy
Zoonotic disease - lyme, babesia, anaplasma
Genetics
302
Peromyscus circadian rhythm
Nocturnal
16:8 photoperiod
303
Peromyscus dentition
Have premolars
1/0/(2/1)/3
Rooted molars
304
Rice rat scientific name
Oryzomys palustris
305
Oryzomys habitat
Semiaquatic
306
Oryzomys research use
Periodontal disease - high sucrose diet
Photoperiod
307
Cane mice scientific name
Zygodontomys brevicauda
308
Zygodontomys circadian rhythm
Nocturnal
309
Zygodontomys reserach use
Reproduction (lack reproductive response to photoperiod)
Viruses - arenavirus, Guanarito virus
310
Cotton rat scientific name
Sigmodon hispidus
S. fulviventer
311
Sigmodon reserach use
Viral respiratory disease - paramyxoviruses, incl. RSV, PIV3, measles
Only model of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (human adenovirus 5)
Adenovirus gene therapy
312
Sigmodon circadian rhythm
Typically diurnal under laboratory conditions
313
Sigmodon captive behavior
Very aggressive
314
Sigmodon blood collection
Subzygomatic route - using subzygomatic sinus unique to cotton rats
RO
315
Sigmodon spontaneous disease
Exophthalmos secondary to heart failure
CPN
316
White-tailed rat scientific name
Mystromys albicaudatus
317
Mystromys special glands
Large ventral sebaceous gland
Females have rudimentary prostate
318
Mystromys stomach
2 compartment
319
Mystromys research use
Diabetes mellitus
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
320
Mystromys reproductive anatomy
Females have 2 pairs of inguinal mammae
Males have os penis
321
Mystromys disease
Topical antibiotic associated typhlocolitis
Diabetes mellitus (males >females)
Oculocutaneous albanism similar to chediak-higashi
322
Vole species name
Microtus
M. ochrogaster (prarie)
M. pennsylvanicus (meadow)
323
Microtus use in research
Nutrition
Behavior - M. ochrogaster
324
Microtus ochrogaster reproduction
Monogamous
Male assists in raising offspring
325
Microtus pennsylvanicus reproduction
Polygamous and somewhat antisocial
Induced ovulator
326
Microtus dentition
Unrooted molars - grow continuously
327
Microtus sexual maturity
2-3 weeks
328
Microtus nutrition
Herbivores
329
Microtus disease
Lacrimal adenocarcinoma
Malocclusion
330
Multimammate rats species name
Mastomys natalensis
M. coucha
331
Mastomys use in research
Lassa virus (arenavirus) - M. natalensis
Plague - M. coucha
Other zoonotic agents
Gastric carcinoid, Zollinger Ellison syndrome, gastric ulcers
332
Mastomys gland
Females (and males) have prostate gland
333
Mastomys biliary anatomy
No gallbladder
334
Mastomys spontaneous disease
Gastric carcinoid
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Osteoarthritis
335
Degu scientific name
Octodon degus
336
Octodon neonates
Precocial
337
Octodon circadian rhythm
Diurnal
338
Degu adrenal anatomy
Large adrenal glands for body weight
339
Degu husbandry
Dust bath
340
Degu disease
Dental - malocclusion (open rooted molars), elodontoma
Cataracts
Diabetes mellitus
PcKD
Pseudomoniasis
341
Naked mole rat scientific name
Heterocephalus glaber
342
Heterocephalus research use
Longevity
Cancer
Behavior
HYpoxia
343
Heterocephalus behavior
Eusocial
344
Heterocephalus husbandry
Warm (80-90F)
Tunnels
Rarely cleaned
High humidity
345
Woodchuck scientific name
Marmota monax
346
Marmota research use
Hibernation
Hepatitis B (woodchuck hepatitis virus)
347
Marmota venipuncture sites
Femoral vein
Maxillary or lingufacial vein (looks similar to cranial vena cava puncture in photo)
Cardiac puncture
Cephalic vein
Tarsal vein
348
Marmota spontaneous disease
Bacterial folliculitis (captive only)
Otitis
Pneumonia
Woodchuck hepatitis virus
Parasites
Diaphragmatic hernia
Aortic rupture
349
Chinchilla scientific name
Chinchilla chinchilla (Short-tailed)
Chinchilla lanigera (long-tailed)
350
Chinchilla use in research
Acoustic/auditory
Upper respiratory pathogens
351
Chinchilla husbandry
dust bath
352
Chinchilla blood collection
Transverse sinus around auditory bullae
353
Chinchilla ear anatomy
Cochlea has 3 turns (like humans)
Large, thin-walled tympanic bullae - easy access to middle ear
Round window thinner than humans - ototoxicity studies
Mobile malleus and incus
354
Chinchilla vascular anatomy
Brain supplied only by vertebral-basilar artery system
No internal carotid artery
No right coronary artery
355
Chinchilla reproduction
Seasonally polyestrus
Monogamous in wild - harem breeding in captivity
356
Chinchilla neonate
Precocious
357
Chinchilla disease
Tibia fracture
Conjunctivitis
Fur ring/fur chewing/fur slip
358
Japanese quail scientific name
Coturnix japonica
359
Coturnix research use
Embryogenesis
Aging
Neurology
Bone physiology
Visual system
360
Coturnix incubation time
16 days
361
Gallus domesticus incubation time
21 days
362
Coturnix proctodeal gland
Males
Similar to prostate gland
Andorgen responsive
Secretes foamy material
363
Coturnix sexual dimorphism
Females - light tan feathers and black speckling on chest
Males - brown throat and breast
364
Coturnix husbandry
Dust bath
365
Method of genotyping coturnix neonates
Chorioallantoic membrane on shell membrane
366
Coturnix disease
Head injury from conspecifics
foot injuries from husbandry
367
Zebra finch scientific name
Taenopygia guttata
368
Taenopygia research use
speech/vocal learning/development
neurobiology
369
Taenopygia sexual dimorphism
Males - orange cheek pouches, black and white on throat, chestnut flanks
Females - gray
370
Bird genotype sex determination
Male: ZZ
Female: ZW
371
Taenopygia reproduction
Monogamous with strong pair bonds
Can occasionally have extra-pair paternity
372
Taenopygia incubation period
11-14 days
373
Taenopygia disease
Paramyxovirus 3
Polyomavirus
Mycobacteriosis
Chlamydia
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
Neocheyleitella
374
Ferret response to corticosteroid
Resistant
375
Guinea pig response to corticosteroid
Resistant
