Primary Species Flashcards
1
Q
Mouse vertebral formula
A
C7 T13 L6 S3 Cd28
2
Q
Mouse dental formula
A
1/1-0/0-0/0-3/3 x 2
3
Q
Mouse lung lobes
A
4 right (superior, middle, inferior, post-caval) + 1 left
4
Q
Mouse urinary protein excretion
A
Taurine always present; tryptophan always absent
5
Q
Mouse kidney sexual dimorphism
A
Male kidneys heavier than female kidneys
6
Q
Mouse liver lobes
A
4 (left, right, median, caudate)
7
Q
Mouse salivary glands
A
Parotid (serous), submandibular (mixed), sublingual (mucinous)
8
Q
Mouse mammary glands
A
5 pairs (cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, abdominal, inguinal)
9
Q
Mouse esophagus comparative anatomy
A
Esophagus keratinized with all striated muscle
10
Q
Mouse stomach comparative anatomy
A
Glandular + non-glandular regions
11
Q
Mouse spleen sexual dimorphism
A
Male larger than female
12
Q
Mouse kidney comparative anatomy
A
Unipapillate
13
Q
Mouse estrus cycle length
A
4-6 days
14
Q
Mouse gestation length
A
19-21 days
15
Q
Mouse wean age
A
21-28 days
16
Q
Mouse male accessory glands
A
Seminal vesicles, coagulating gland (anterior prostate), ampullary gland, bulbourethral/cowper’s gland, preputial gland, prostate
17
Q
Mouse placentation
A
discoid, hemochorial
18
Q
Rat vertebral formula
A
C7 T13 L6 S4 Cd28
19
Q
Rat dental formula
A
1/1-0/0-0/0-3/3 x2
20
Q
Rat lung lobes
A
4 right (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory) + 1 left
21
Q
Rat liver lobes
A
4 (left, right, median, caudate)
22
Q
Rat liver comparative anatomy
A
No gall bladder
23
Q
Rat salivary glands
A
Parotid (serous), submandibular (mixed), sublingual (mucinous)
24
Q
Rat mammary glands
A
6 pairs (3 thoracic + 3 abdominal)
25
Rat pulmonary vein comparative anatomy
Pulmonary vein has cardiac striated muscle in wall
26
Rat coronary blood supply comparative anatomy
Atrial blood supply from mammary and subclavian artery
27
Rat heart comparative anatomy
Heart against the thoracic wall at ribs 3-5; easy cardiac puncture in this location
28
Rat stomach comparative anatomy
Glandular and non-glandular stomach separated by margo plicatum
29
Rat bronchoconstriction comparative physiology
No adrenergic supply for bronchoconstriction; controlled by vagal tone
30
Rat kidney comparative anatomy
Unipapillate
31
Rat estrus cycle length
4-5 days
32
rat gestation length
21-23 days
33
Rat wean age
21 days
34
Rat puberty age
40-60 days ("most often occurs at 2-3 months of age, although considerable variation exists")
35
Rat eyes open age
10-12 days (14-17 days elsewhere in BB text)
36
Rat male accessory glands
Seminal vesicles, coagulating gland, ampullary gland, bulbourethral/cowpers gland, preputial gland, prostate
37
Rat placenta
Discoid hemochorial
38
Rat daily water consumption
8-11 mL/100g body weight
39
Rat daily food consumption
5g/100g body weight
40
Pig vertebral formula
C7 T14 L6 S4 Cd20-23
41
Pig dental formula
3/3 - 1/1 - 4/4 - 3/3
42
Pig lung lobes
4 right (cranial, caudal, middle, accessory) + 2 left (cranial, caudal)
43
Pig liver lobes
5 (left medial, left lateral, right medial, right lateral, caudate)
44
Pig salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
45
Pig mammary glands
9 pairs
46
Pig aorta comparative anatomy
True vaso vasorum
47
Pig coronary artery comparative anatomy
Coronary artery right sided without collateral
48
Pig cardiac electrophysiological system
More neurogenic than myogenic
Prominent purkinje fibers
49
Pig blood supply to coronary sinus
Coronary veins AND intercostal vessels via the left azygous vein
Can ligate the left azygous vessel to achieve total coronary venous drainage in to the coronary sinus
50
Pig stomach comparative anatomy
Torus pyloricus
Non-glandular pars esophagea region
51
Pig pancreatic duct enters where
Duodenum; separate from bile duct
52
Pig intestine comparative anatomy
Spiral colon
Mesenteric vessels branch in the subserosa
53
Pig lymph node comparative anatomy
Lymph nodes are inverted - germinal center is internal
54
Pig thymus comparative anatomy
Appears as a single organ with fused lobes
Located on ventral midline near thoracic inlet
55
Pig estrus cycle length
21 day average (range: 17-25)
56
Pig gestation length
114-115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
57
Pig wean age
3-5 weeks (19-22 days in industry)
58
Pig puberty age
3-7 months
Miniature pigs: 4-6 months
59
Pig male accessory glands
Vesicular gland, prostate, bulbourethral gland
60
Pig placentation
Diffuse epitheliochorial
This placentation type necessitates that maternal abs are received by colostrum
61
Pig neonate gut closure time
12-24 hours after birth
62
Piglet nutrient requirement that cannot be met in sows milk
Iron - require 21 mg/kg (sow has 1 mg/L in milk)
63
Rabbit vertebral formula
C7 T12 L7 S4 Cd16
64
Rabbit dental formula
2/1 - 0/0 - 3/2 - (2-3)/3 x2
65
Rabbit lung lobes
4 right (cranial, middle, caudal lateral, caudal medial) + 3 left (cranial, middle, caudal)
66
Rabbit liver lobes
4 (caudate [torses], left, right, quadrate)
67
Rabbit liver comparative physiology
Biliverdin instead of bilirubin
68
Rabbit salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, subingual, zygomatic
69
Rabbit mammary glands
4-5 pairs
70
Rabbit heart comparative anatomy
Tricuspid valve has only 2 cusps
71
Rabbit aorta comparative physiology
Aortic nerve has no chemoreceptors, only baroreceptors
72
Rabbit jugular vein comparative anatomy
External jugular vein is major blood return from head
73
Rabbit esophagus comparative anatomy
Esophagus all striated muscle up to cardia of stomach; no mucous glands
74
Rabbit neonatal intestine comparative physiology
Intestine impermeable to large molecules - immunoglobulins must be passed in yolk sac
75
Rabbit respiratory comparative anatomy
Obligate nasal breather
76
Rabbit renal comparative anatomy
Unipapillate
Number of glomeruli increase after birth
Ectopic glomeruli common
77
Rabbit renal comparative physiology
Urine is main route of calcium excretion
78
Rabbit ocular comparative anatomy
Merangiotic retina
79
Rabbit estrus cycle length
Induced ovulator; no estrus cycle
Ovulate 10-13h after copulation
80
Rabbit gestation length
30-32 days
81
Rabbit wean age
8 weeks (as early as 4-6 weeks)
82
Rabbit male accessory glands
Seminal vesicles, vesicular glands, prostate, paraprostatic glands, bulbourethral glands
83
Rabbit placentation
Discoid, hemochorial
84
Macaque vertebral formula
C7 T12 L7 S3-5 Cd variable
85
Macaque dental formula
2/2 - 1/1 - 2/2 - 3/3 x2
86
Macaque lung lobes
4 right (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory) + 3 left (cranial, middle, caudal_
87
Macaque liver lobes
5 (left, right, median, caudate, quadrate)
88
Macaque salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
89
Macaque mammary glands
1 pair (pectoral)
90
Macaque carotid comparative anatomy
External carotid artery larger than internal carotid artery
91
Macaque menstrual cycle length
26-30 days; cyno (30) longer than rhesus (26)
92
Macaque gestation length
165-170 days (23-24 weeks, ~5.5 months)
93
Macaque weaning age
9 (rhesus) to 12 (cyno) months
94
Macaque male accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
95
Macaque placentation
Discoid hemochorial
96
Dog vertebral formula
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd variable
97
Dog dental formula
3/3 - 1/1 - 4/4 - 3/2
98
Dog lung lobes
4 right (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory) + 2 left (cranial, caudal)
99
Dog liver lobes
6 (left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right lateral, right medial, caudate)
100
Dog salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual, zygomatic
101
Dog mammary glands
5 pairs
102
Dog estrus cycle length
158-335 days (estrus avg. 9 days, range 5-15)
103
Dog gestation length
59-63 days
104
Dog wean age
3-4 weeks
105
Dog accessory sex glands
Ampullary gland, prostate
106
Mouse chromosome #
2n=40
107
Rat chromsome #
2n=42
108
Pig chromosome #
2n=38
109
Rabbit chromosome #
2n=44
110
Dog chromosome #
2n=78
111
Macaque chromosome #
2n=42
112
Adult mice drink x amount of water per day
6-7 mL
113
Adult mouse daily food consumption
3-5 g
114
Mouse puberty onset
28-49 days
115
Mouse gestation length
19-21 days
116
Mouse eye open age
12-13 days
117
Mouse wean age
21 days
118
Do mice have postpartum estrus
Yes
119
Whitten effect
Estrus induction in females exposed to male pheromones
120
Bruce effect
Prevention of implantation when exposed to pheromones from strange male
121
Mouse hormonal maintenance of pregnancy
Progesterone; Corpus luteum for 13 days; placenta for remainder of pregnancy
122
Mouse cytology during estrus
Cornified epithelial cells
123
Mouse cytology during diestrus
Leukocytes, some nucleated epithelial cells
124
Mouse cytology during proestrus
Nucleated epithelial cells
125
Mouse cytology during metestrus
Mostly cornified epithelial cells, some leukocytes
126
Vandenbergh effect
Puberty acceleration in females exposed to male pheromones
127
Lee-Boot effect
Suppression of estrus is group-housed females
128
Classes of immunoglobulins in mice
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
129
Subtypes of IgG in mice
IgG1, IgG2a/c, IgG2b, IgG3
130
Highest produced immunoglobulin in mice
IgA (mucosal - serum levels are low)
131
Foxn1
Nude mouse; deficiency in T cells
132
SCID
Deficiency in B and T cells; sensitive to radiation
133
Rag-1 and Rag-2
Deficiency in B and T cells
134
NOD-SCID-Il2gamma
Deficiency in B and T cells; Deficiency in NK cells; Decreased complement; Impaired macrophage and dendritic cell function; decrease cytokine production
135
XID
Defect in Bruton's tyrosine kinase; decreased B cells; decreased IgM
136
Moth-eaten
Deficiency in CD-8 T cells, Deficiency in NK cells, auto-immune phenotype, hypergammaglobulinemia, moth-eaten coat
137
Rat orbital vasculature anatomy
Orbital venous plexus
138
Mouse orbital vasculature anatomy
Orbital venous sinus
139
Rat hearing range
250 Hz to 80 kHz; most sensitive 8-32 kHz
140
Rat pancreatic ducts empty in to
Bile duct
141
Lateral nasal gland rat
Steno's gland - located in maxillary recess between maxillary bone and lateral lamina of ethmoid bone
Similar to serous salivary gland, secreted substance helps regulate viscosity of mucous later over nasal epithelium
142
Rat spinal cord termination point
L4
143
Impact of continuous light on estrus cycle
Persistent estrus
Cystic follicles in the ovaries without corpora lutea formation
Earlier vaginal opening and ovarian atrophy
144
Rat onset of hearing
9 days
External acoustic meatus opens at 2.5-3.5 days
145
Mouse ears open
3-4 days
146
Rat incisor eruption
6-8 days
147
Mouse incisor eruption
11 days
148
Rats fully haired
7-10 days
149
Mice fully haired
9-10 days
150
Estrus synchronization method in rats
Lutenizing hormone releasing hormone agonist (LHRH)
OR
Methoyxyprogesterone + pregnant mare serum (PMS)
151
Rodent hormonal superovulation technique
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) followed by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
OR
FSH +/- LH
152
Rat ultrasonic vocalization "happy/positive" frequency
50 kHz
153
Rat ultrasonic vocalization "alarm/negative" frequency
22 kHz
154
Rabbit specialized GALT tissues
Maturation of IgM+ B cells
Vermiform appendix
Sacculus rotundus
155
Rabbit immunoglobulins
IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE
LACKS IgD
156
Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemia rabbit LDL receptor
Deficiency
157
St thomas hospital strain rabbit LDL receptor
Normal
158
Rabbit bile duct empties in to
Duodenum
159
Rabbit structure that divides proximal and distal colon and function
Fusus coli
Regulate elimination oh fard vs soft fecal pellets
160
Rabbit breathing physiology comparative physiology
Thoracic wall effort does not contribute much to breathing - rely on diaphragm activity
Therefore, compression of chest wall is not effective for artificial respiration
161
Rabbit blood supply to brain
Internal carotid artery - almost none from vertebral arteries
162
Rabbit glomeruli physiology/aging
Glomeruli increase after birth; ectopic glomeruli are normal
163
Surgical manipulation required after orchiectomy in rabbits
Closure of the superficial inguinal ring to prevent herniation
164
Rabbit urethra location
Within vagina - vestibulum
165
Neonatal rabbit ectotherm until
7 days
166
Rabbit isoforms of alkaline phosphatase
3 (most other animals have 2)
Intestinal
2 liver/kidney isoforms
167
Rabbit water intake
120 mL/kg/day
168
Rabbit puberty age
5 months females
6-7 months males
(New Zealand whites)
169
Rabbit vaginal cytology
Generally not helpful
170
Rabbit induction of ovulation methods
Physical (breeding)
LH
HCG
GnRH
171
Rabbit postpartum estrus?
No because rabbits don't really have true "Estrus" but they can be bred immediately post-partum - success may be lower
172
Rabbit radiographic determination of pregnancy gestation day
11
173
Rabbit corpora luteal maintenance of pregnancy (or pseudopregnancy) length
15-17 days
174
Rabbit heritable hydrocephaly inheritence pattern
hy/hy
Autosomal recessive
175
Rabbit heritable buphthalmia inheritence pattern
bu/bu
Autosomal recessive - incomplete penetrance
176
Rabbit heritable mandibular prognathism inheritence pattern
mp/mp
Autosomal recessive - incomplete penetrance
177
Rabbit C3 deficiency inheritence pattern
Simple autosomal co-dominant
178
Rabbit C6 deficiency inheritence pattern
Autosomal recessive
179
Rabbit C8 deficiency inheritance pattern
Simple autosomal recessive
180
Origin of vx-2 carcinoma
SCC in a rabbit carrying shope papilloma
181
Origin of Brown Pearce carcinoma
tumor in the rabbit testes
182
Origin of greene melanoma
Rabbit
183
What agency validates that swine herds are brucellosis-free and qualifies that herds are pseudorabies-negative?
USDA
184
Pig vaccines for weanlings
Erysipelas, leptospirosis
185
Pig vaccines for breeders
Porcine parvovirus, bordetella, pasturella, E. coli
186
Swine minimum acclimation period before experimental use
72 h
187
Side for blood collection from cranial vena cava in swine and why
Right side
Protect recurrent laryngeal nerve
188
Humane method of swine restraint
Panepinto sling
189
Pig thymus comparative anatomy
Appears as a single organ with fused lobes
Located on ventral midline near thoracic inlet
190
Minipig nutritional requirements
Fixed quantity to prevent obesity (therefore, diets designed for free choice feeding may not be calibrated correctly for micronutrient quantity)
Lower energy, higher fiber than farm pig diets
191
Swine sulfur requirements
Do not require sulfur if methionine is available (UNLIKE ruminants)
192
Swine T-cell population
Large population of "null" cells - no CD4 (helper) or CD8 (cytotoxic) but do express CD3 (T cell)
Have a subset of lymphocytes that express CD4 and CD8 (similar to humans and monkeys, but unlike most other species)
193
Pig immunoglobulins
Lacks the gene for IgD
Many IgG subclasses: IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4
Have IgA and IgE
194
Swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) function and chromosome
Equivalent to human MHC - restrict CD8 T-cell activation
Chromosome 7
195
Cells that express SLA class I
All nucleated cells
196
Cells that express SLA class II
Professional antigen presenting cells - B-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
Lymphocytes and vascular endothelium (UNLIKE mice, similar to humans)
197
Swine location of antigen-antibody immune complex elimination
Lung
Humans = liver and spleen
198
Transplant hierarchy of tolerance
Liver > Kidney > Heart > Lung > Skin
199
Sugar present in porcine endothelium responsible for hyperacture rejection in the baboon xenotransplantation model
Gala1-3Galb1-4GlcNAc
(alpha1,3Gal)
200
Mutation historically associated with porcine stress syndrome and inheritance pattern
Mutation in the calcium-release channel protein (ryanodine receptor - RYR)
Autosomal recessive
201
New mutation associated with transport stress pig death
Mutation in the dystrophin gene
R1958W
202
Region of pig stomach prone to ulceration
Pars esophaga - stratified squamous
203
Dog vaccination of purpose-bred animals
Rabies
DAPP (Distemper, Adenovirus 2, Parvo, Parainfluenza)
Lepto - Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona
Bordetella
204
Conditioned dog
A random-source dog that have been treated/vaccinated in preparation for use in research
205
Dog placentation
Endotheliochorial, zonary
206
Dog hormonal maintenance of pregnancy
Luteal progesterone - corpora lutea retain structure throughout gestation
207
Dog when can you use radiographs to diagnose pregnancy
45 days
208
Dog ferguson reflex
Oxytocin release as fetus engages cervix
Strengthens uterine contractions
209
When is veterinary intervention necessary in dogs based on time spent in each stage of parturition
Stage 2 >5 hours without delivering a pup
More than 2 hours between pups
Lack of delivery 24 hours after onset of stage 1 = oxytocin
210
Dog eye open age
12 days
211
CITES I Macaques (Macaca spp.)
Macaca silenus (lion-tailed macaque)
Macaca sylvanus (barbary macaque)
212
CITES II primates
ALL primates are CITES II, except for the ones that are CITES I. None are "less than" CITES II (non-appendixed)
213
Macaque social dynamic
Multimale multifemale groups
Male dominated
Rhesus females - strict hierarchial class system (Cyno less strict)
214
Rhesus breeding seasonality
September to February in northern hemisphere
215
Rhesus menstrual cycle length
28 d
216
Rhesus gestation period
164 days
217
Rhesus sexual maturity
4.5 years (Female)
6.5 years (Male)
218
Cyno breeding seasonality
No strong seasonality
219
Cyno gestation period
163.5 days
220
Cyno menstural cycle length
28 days
221
Cyno sexual maturity
3.5 years (female)
5.5 years (male)
222
Temperament differences indian vs chinese origin rhesus
Chinese origin more tempermental/irritable
223
Macaque daily food consumption
2-4% of body weight
224
Pig-tail macaque species name
Macaca nemestrina
225
Stumptail macaque species name
Macaca arctoides
226
Bonnet macaque species name
Macaca radiata
227
Cyno macaque cervix
Complex structure; makes AI difficult
228
Macaque BSL
Minimum BSL-2
229
Agents in macaques that may require BSL-3
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Yellow fever
Burkholderia pseudomallei (overlap agent)
Coccidioides immitis IF inoculated via intranasal/pulmonary route
230
Agents in macaques that may required BSL-2 + immunization
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Measles
Influenza
Poliovirus
Rabies
231
Agents in macaques that require BSL-2 facilities + BSL-3 practices
Monkeypox
232
Agents in macaques that require BSL-4
Marburg
Ebola
Macacine herpesvirus 1 if used in experimental infections
233
Macaque (and other primate) CDC quarantine duration
31 days
234
Macaque (and other primate) receiving institution quarantine duration
Recommended 30 days or longer
235
Macaque recommended vaccination
MMR at 3 months and boostered after 6 weeks
Rabies at 1 year and boostered q3 years
Tetanus at 1 year and boostered q3 years
236
Difference in CSF composition of monkeys depending on collection site
Lumbar: higher TP, albumin, IgG
Cisterna magna: higher glucose, potassium
237
Zebrafish saturation mutagenesis screen methodology
Adult males treated with chemical mutagen
F3 generation examined for developmental abnormalities
238
Zebrafish family
Cyprinidae
239
Zebrafish sexual dimorphism
Females slightly larger, more silvery, slightly rounded
Males more streamlined, more brightly colored
240
Zebrafish position in water column
Upper strata
241
Zebrafish mutations discovered via gamma ray irradiation
ntl - no tail; embryos fail to develop notochord and caudal structures
spt - spadetail; mesodermal cells fail to gastrulate properly
cyclops - prevents formation of floorplate in neural tube
242
Zebrafish embryonic features after 24 hours of development
"Fishlike" appearance
Specified all three axes (rostro-caudal, dorso-ventral, left-right)
Patterned rudimentary neural tube and eyes
Twitch spontaneously
243
Zebrafish first cleavage
45 minutes after fertilization at 28.5 C
244
Zebrafish midblastula transition
3 hpf
Activation of zygotic transcription - all processes prior to MBT are regulated by maternal factors in the egg
245
Zebrafish gastrulation
begins at 5.5 hpf; complete by 10 hpf
The three germlayers take up their final position
246
Zebrafish epiboly
Completed at 10 hpf
Embryonic cells spread down over the yolk
247
Zebrafish 10-24 hpf development
Internal organs begin to form morphological landmarks
248
Zebrafish hatching
3-4 dpf
249
Zebrafish onset of feeding
4-5 dpf
250
Zebrafish fin regeneration time
10-12 days
Regenerative blastema in 1-2 days
251
Zebrafish hair cell location
Ear and lateral line
252
Zebrafish parthenogenesis method
Eggs fertilized with irradiated sperm (cannot contribute DNA)
Results in haploid embryos - eventually lethal
Can be made diploid using heat shock or early pressure
253
Zebrafish diploid chromosome number
2n=50
254
RNA injection in to zebrafish embryos is especially useful if the genes being studied act prior to the onset of embryonic transcription, which occurs as ______ hpf and is called ______
3 hpf
Midblastula transition (MBT)
255
Transposon from japanese medaka with higher (50%) founder rates of transgenic zebrafish
Tol2 transposon
256
Mechanism to study gene loss-of-function in zebrafish without needing to use ENU or retroviruses
Morpholino antisense oligonucleotides
257
Zebrafish aggression is highest at _______ densities
Low
258
Zebrafish change in temperature per day limit
1.5C +/-
259
Eurythermal species
Able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures
Zebrafish
260
Zebrafish optimal housing temperature
24-28C
261
Response in metabolic rate to 10C increase in temperature zebrafish
metabolic rate doubles
262
Room temperature relative to water temperature zebrafish
Room should be 1-2 warmer than water
Prevent condensation
263
Oxygen diffusion water depth
Adequate at depths of less than 4 inches
264
RAS turnover rate- general rule
1 per hour
265
Zebrafish pH
7-8
266
High (>8) pH effect on ammonia
Increases concentration of unionized (toxic) form
Acidic water makes ionized (NH4, less toxic) form predominate
267
Zebrafish conductivity
125-2500 uS
268
Zebrafish optimal calcium/magnesium levels
80-200 ppm
269
Ammonia oxidizing bacteria
Nitrosomonas
Nitrospira
Nitrosococcus
Amonia-oxidizing archaea
270
Nitrite odixidizng bacteria
Nitrospira
Nitrobacter
271
Zebrafish light requirements
12-16 hours light/day
54-354 (5-30 ft candles) at the water surface
272
Zebrafish dietary fatty acid requirements
Higher levels of n6 fatty acids than most cultured coldwater fish
273
Bleach concentration for disinfecting zebrafish embryos
20-50 ppm buffered to ph 7
274
Primary hematopoietic organ of adult zebrafish
Head kidney
275
Zebrafish blood composition
Erythrocytes - nucleated, epithelial cells
Neutrophils/heterophils - segmented nucleus, granules
Eosinophils - larger granules than neutrophil
Monocytes - foamy, basophilic cytoplasm
Lymphocytes - most predominant WBC
Thrombocytes - nucleated, often aggregate
276
Zebrafish terminal blood collection
Decapitation through the pelvic girdle
Dorsal aorta
277
Zebrafish survival blood collection
2% mortality rate; can collect 2% body weight
Posterior
