Seconda settimana domande vecchie Flashcards
What is typical Hodgkin’s lymphoma ? (3)
a) bcl2 mutation present
b) occurs in younger people
c) diagnostically characterized by Reed Sternberg’s giants
d) mostly occurs nodally
e) mostly occur extranodally
B, C, D
GIST - surrounds an incorrect claim: (1)
a) most have a KIT mutation
b) the mutant has the bcl2 gene
c) it is mostly in the stomach
B
Hodgkin’s lymphoma - surrounds an incorrect statement: (1)
a) especially in the younger ones
b) mostly from B lymphocytes
c) mostly from T lymphocytes
d) We recognize him by Reed-Sternberg’s greats
C
Follicular lymphoma - the most common pathogenetic mechanism: (1)
a) no lymphocyte apoptosis
b) no lymphocyte proliferation
c) no apoptosis of hemopoietic cells
d) there is no proliferation of hemopoietic cells
A
Osteosarcoma (3)
a. more common in children and young adults
b. tumor cells form an osteoid
c. more common in the elderly
d. most often in the knee
e. characterized by lipoblasts
A, B, D
Hodgkin’s lymphomas are NOT characterized by:
a. Bcl-2 mutation present
b. occurs in younger ones
c. diagnostically characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells
A
Which two statements do not hold true for malignant lymphoma?
a. Most often from T-cells
b. Most commonly from B-cells
c. From hemapoietic cells
d. It can be extranodal
e. Most often nodal
A, C
Leiomyoma
a) The signs are extra-cyclical bleeding
b) very malignant tumor
c) occurs after menopause
d) rarely spontaneously disappears
e) it may increase rapidly due to hormones
A
Io mettere anche E se le giuste sono 2
GIST
a. is sharply demarcated
b. may be subcutaneous
c. occurs in the anal area in 20%
d. forecast depends on size and no. mitosis
e. If mitosis is less than 5 in 50 fields of high magnification, then it is benign
f. The forecast does not depend on the size
B,D
eventualmente metterei anche A
OSTEOSARCOMA
a. the second most common bone sarcoma after chondrosarcoma
b. most commonly before the age of 20
c. It is distinguished from other sarcomas by the formation of bone laths
d. most commonly in the spine and pelvis where there is a lot of red k. brain
e. can be a complication of Paget’s bone disease
B, E
CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (TYPES)
a. nodular sclerosis
b. mixed cell type
c. lymphocytic depletion… + H. lymphoma with numerous lymphocytes)
d. follicular
e. diffuse
A, B (mixed cellularity), C (lymphocyte depletion, lymphocyte rich)
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST):
a. it is characterized by a wheeled growth pattern
b. usually occurs in the stomach
c. usually occurs in the colon / colon
B (60-70%)
What applies to a lipoma:
a. most are encapsulated
b. is the most common soft tissue tumor in adults
B https://www.my-personaltrainer.it/benessere/lipoma.html
(incompleta)
The characteristics of in situ cancer are:
a) not to outgrow the basement membrane
b) to metastasize less frequently than invasive carcinoma
c) to arise only in the squamous epithelium
d) cell polymorphism and atypia throughout the thickness of the epithelium
e) pathological mitoses
A, C (?)
In una domanda simile veniva indicata anche la D
Tumor gradation takes into account:
a) tumor size
b) regressive changes in the tumor
c) number of mitoses in tumor tissue
d) cellular and nuclear polymorphism
e) seeding into area lymph nodes
C, D
In determining the tumor stage, we consider:
a) tumor size
b) seeding into area lymph nodes
c) angioinvasion
d) invasive growth into surrounding tissues
e) the number of mitoses in the tumor tissue
A, B, C, D
Benign epithelial tumors include:
a) lymphoma
b) adenoma
c) teratoma
d) papilloma
e) basalin maligen (basal cell carcinoma)
A, D
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas most commonly arise from:
a) T lymphocytes
b) lymphocytes B
c) NK (killer) cells
d) macrophages
B
Early onset of sexual intercourse and change of sexual partners are risk factors for the emergence of:
a) Cervical cancer
b) endometrial cancer
c) uterine leiomyoma
d) breast cancer
e) ovarian cancer
A
Bence-Jones proteins in urine are characteristic of - Ig light chains:
a) multiple myeloma
b) pyelonephritis
c) lymphoma
d) Leukemia
A
The most common bone cancer
a. Plasmacytoma
b. Lymphocytoma
c. Multiple myelons
d. Osteosarcoma
e. Occupation
D
Bowel adenoma - incorrect claims:
a) in the submucosa
b) dysplasia is present
c) may be broadband
d) invasive growth
e) does not grow into submucosa
A, D
Renal cell carcinoma:
a) predominantly in the distal tubules
b) as a blastoma thrombus, it can invade the renal veins
c) macroscopically sharply separated from healthy tissue
d) can seize …
e) may be related to von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
B, C, E
la risposta D è incompleta, ma solitamente le risposte non sono mai più di 3
Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid glands
a) from ductal and myoepithelial cells
b) rarely goes into malignant form
c) the stroma is sparse
d) never invades the surrounding area through a binding envelope
e) may be repeated after removal
A, B, E
in particolare per la B > 10%
Intestinal Adenoma - Correct Claims:
a) not in submucosa
b) can stalk
c) predominantly in the descending column
d) in the muscularis tunic
e) in the submucosa
A, B
Basal cell carcinoma
a. the most common primary malignant skin tumor
b. basal cell islets, palisation, numerous mitoses
c. on the skin exposed to the sun
d. it grows slowly and rarely sows
e. It is classified into a group of mesenchymal tumors
f. Some about age?
g. In the skin
h. In the mucous membrane
A, C,
Veniva indicata anche la B, ma non la metterei: nel libro non si parla di palisation e le mitosi sono presenti ma mai indicate come numerose come invece accade per altri tumori
Metterei anche G (dermis is a part of the skin) e D (pag.134 “slowly enlarging, metastasize only exceptionally)
f> occurs in elderly, in younger patients there may be relationship to occupational and recreational exposure or to genetic disorders]
Desmosomes (I think it is an intercellular bridge) and increased keratin secretion are characteristic of:
a. squamous cell carcinoma
(e.g. Keratinizing invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx)
Incorrect claims about colon adenoma
a. seed into the lymph nodes
b. infiltrate submucosa
c. restricted to the mucosa
B
metterei anche A (l’invasione linfonodale è tipica del carcinoma, non dell’adenoma)
Pleomorphic adenoma
a. surrounded by a binder envelope
b) it is the most common salivary gland tumor
c) some with Reed.sternberg giants
d) stroma profuse
(incompleta)
B
Basal cell carcinoma:
a. Exceptionally seeding
b. It develops in the skin
c. It develops in the mucous membranes
d. It is benign
e) Is malignant
A, B, E
Colon Adenoma - Which claims are wrong ?:
a. Limited to tunic mucosa
b. Dysplasia is always present
c. It can be broad-based
d. It is invasive
e. It is in the submucosa
D, E
(segnalata da noemi come incompleta, ma a, b, c mi sembrano giuste
Flat-cell lung cancer
a) most commonly in the periphery
b) most commonly at the junctions of the main and lobar bronchi
c) most often before it is found, the brain, adrenal, liver and bones are found
d) grows slowly compared to other forms
C (anche se non ho trovato adrenal)
eventualmente metterei anche B
TUBULO-VILLOUS WIDEN ADENOM
a. malignant epithelial tumor
b. increased mucin secretion
c. ever-present epithelial dysplasia
d. always polypoid
e. common in children
C
Squamous cell carcinoma is common in:
a) Protectors
b) skin
c) the lungs
d) the stomach
e) the esophagus
B, C, E
Pleomorphic adenoma:
a) It is a real mixed tumor because it comes from different germs
b) is the most common salivary gland tumor
c) it is not repeated
d) is made up of epithelial and myoepithelial cells and lymphatic tissue
e) most commonly found in the parotid and small salivary glands
B, E
Lung cancer can be:
a. Small-cell
b. Flat-cell
c. Adenocarcinoma
d. Transcellular
e. Invasive lobular
A, B, C
se per b si intende squamous
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma can be:
a. Cervix
b. Skin
c. The esophagus
d. Lungs
e. Lymph node
A, B, C, D
Diffuse carcinoma
a. The most common gastrointestinal cancer
b. It usually grows in the caecum
c. Macroscopically separate the polyposis, ulcerative and sucrose (solid tumor) form
d. Most often, it is a diffuse, cirrhotic form
A
eventualmente anche C
Kidney involvement:
a. Seed in bone
b. It is homogeneous and off-white
c. Well circumscribed from surrounding tissue
d. It can grow into the kidney veins
A, C, D
Kidney cancer
a. Well separated from the surrounding area
b. The cross section is grayish white
c. It accounts for 2-3% of tumors in children
d. The most common kidney tumor
e. It spreads to the renal arteries
A, B, D
Colon cancer
a. Most often, adenocarcinoma
b. Most often in the cecum
c. It rarely develops from the adenoma
d. The most common is the sucrose form
e. Is a rare gastrointestinal tumor
A
Cervical cancer - cause:
a. HHV
b. HPV
c. Fungi
d. Bacteria
B
Hepatocellular carcinoma
a. He has a good prognosis
b. In cirrhotically altered liver due to hepatitis A virus infection
c. In cirrhotically altered liver due to hepatitis B virus infection
d. In a healthy liver
C
Adenocarcinoma of the colon
a. Mostly in the ascendant part
b. Mostly in descendent part
c. It can excrete mucus
d. exophytic, papillary growth or narrow luminosity (lumen?)
e. The precursor is the adenoma
D, E
Metterei anche la B
Kidney cancer is:
a. Occurs between the 2nd and 3rd Decades of Life
b. Macroscopically, it is a homogeneous tumor
c. It may occur in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
d. It is the most common malignant kidney tumor
e. It occurs mainly in women
C, D
Eventualmente metterei anche B
Fibroadenoma of the breast
a. It occurs in the elderly
b. It is a rare tumor
c. Mostly composed of epithelium
d. Rarely malignant alter (alterations?)
e. Well separated from the surrounding area
E
(segnalata come incompleta, io metterei anche C)
What are the two most malignant histologic types of breast cancers?
a. Invasive ductal breast cancer
b. Invasive lobular breast cancer
A,B
Prostate adenocarcinoma is considered to be:
a. It is the most common cause of death in men
b. It occurs between the ages of 45 and 70
c. The tumor epithelium consists of one layer of cubic cells
d. It occurs mainly on the periphery of the prostate gland (as a result, they can be asymptomatic for a long time and are
often detected late - a common cause of death)
C,D
Adenocarcinoma of the intestine crassi applies to all except:
a. 60 - 75% of tumors grow in the rectum and sigma
b. It does not appear before the age of 50
c. It is a common cancer
d. Good to moderately differentiated tumor
B
Meningioma:
a) emerges from the dura
b) extremely seldom extracranial
c) arises from meningothelial cells of arachnoidee
d) in the pontocerebellar angle
e) can recurre
C,E
B se intende estr. raramente
Multiple myeloma is characteristic
a. It develops from lymphocytes
b. It is located only in the bone
c. It is more often osteoblastic than osteolytic
d. Late clinical signs are pain and pathological fractures
e. Possibility of carcinoma seizure
D
Meningomas originated from
a. Arachnoid
b. Pia
c. Choroid knitting (also possible)
d. Dura Meningomas originated from
A
Characteristics of meningeom:
a. It is a malignant tumor that arises from myoepithelial cells
b. It grows mainly invasively into the brain
c. It most commonly occurs in the area of the upper sagittal sinus
d. It moves from one hemisphere to the opposite side
C
(metterei B)
The testicular seminoma is characteristic
a. It is one of the non-germinating tumors
b. It is hematogenous
c. It grows fast
d. It develops from stem cells
D
Schwannoma
a) may occur sporadically (less frequently in type 2 neurofibromatosis)
b) most commonly in the pontocerebral angle at VIII. nerve
A, B
The most malignant CS tumor:
a. Glioblastoma
b. Oligodendroglioma
c. Astrocytoma
d. Meningeom
e. Ependioma
A
Histological characteristics of glioblastoma:
a) cellular
b) polymorphism
c) glomeruloid vessels
d) calcifications
e) there are pseudopalysades in the case of necrosis
C, E
Glioblastoma
a) Multiplied veins and their endothelium
b) pseudopalisades
c) pronounced cellular and nuclear polymorphisms
d) Verocey’s calves
e) Necrosis with pseudopalisanding arrangement of tumor cells
A, B, E
Characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme
a. It grows expansively and erodes the surrounding brain
b. It most commonly occurs in the area of the upper sagittal sinus
c. Cross section shows necrosis and bleeding
d. It grows infiltrative and is not sharply demarcated
C, D
Glioblastoma is characterized by everything except:
a. Hospitality
b. Common mitoses and necrosis
c. Microcystic degeneration
d. Multiplied veins and endothelium
C
Carcinoma in situ
a. It is always flat
b. Pathological mitoses may be present
c. Cellular and nuclear atypia throughout the thickness of the epithelium
d. It has no typical macroscopic image
e. It does not outgrow the basement membrane
C, E
Segnalata come incompleta: metterei anche B
Krukenberg tumor:
a. Sealed cell carcinoma of the stomach, which engrafts into the ovary
b. Sealed cell carcinoma of the stomach, which radiates into the peritoneum
c. Intestinal cancer that seeps into the ovary
d. Carcinoma of the cervix that seeps into the ovary
A
Krukenburg tumor is a metastatic malignancy of the ovary characterized by mucin-rich signet-ring adenocarcinoma that primarily arises from a gastrointestinal site in most cases and less commonly from other sites (usually from the stomach to ovary)
Oligodendroglioma:
A poached egg (honeycombing?)
B calcification of endothelium
C is well restricted
D The veins that branch
E Red cells
A, B, D
Prostate adenocarcinoma is considered to be:
a. It is the most common cause of death in men
b. It occurs between the ages of 45 and 70
c. The tumor epithelium consists of one layer of cubic cells
d. It occurs mainly on the periphery of the prostate gland
C D
Adenocarcinoma of the intestine crassi applies to all except:
a. 60 - 75% of tumors grow in the rectum and sigma
b. It does not appear before the age of 50
c. It is a common cancer
d. Good to moderately differentiated tumor
B
Meningiom:
a) Verocay’s calves
b) Psamomic bodies (psammoma bodies)
c) bulb-oriented cells
B,C
Malignant melanoma:
a) spindle cells
b) is formed mainly from nevus
c) is formed from keratocytes
d) It has the correct form on the skin and is uniformly pigmented
e) May occur in skin and meninges
E
Multiple myeloma - from plasma:
a. It is characterized by chronic bone fractures (something similar)
b. characterized by elevated serum IgG levels
c. patients most often die from kidney failure and infections
A, B, C
Characteristics of choriocarcinoma
a. It may arise from teratoma
b. In fashion it has a more favorable prognosis than in the womb
c. It is primarily lymphatic
d. Extensive necrosis and bleeding
B
Which of the following tumors has expansive growth?
a. Oligodendroglioma
b. Astrocytoma
c. Meningeom
d. Schwannonoma
e. Ependymoma
D, C
Mature teratoma
a. It may occur in the mediastinum
b. Derived from trophoblasts
c. Only endoderm
d. Often cystic
e. It is benign
A
D (most common variant)
E (se appare in soggetti maschi e in età pre-puberale o se presente nelle ovaie)
Choriocarcinom:
a. Very malignant
b. Lymphogenous Tissue
c. It can occur in men
d. Hemorrhagic appearance
C
Bladder cancer is characterized by:
a. It grows multicenter / multifocal
b. It occurs most often in the trigonum and the mouth of the ureter
c. It grows deep into the bladder wall
d. It is a malignant mesenchymal tumor
e. Sometimes it also occurs as squamous cell carcinoma
B, E
Ovarian dermoid cyst
a) ovarian teratomas
b) are very malignant ovarian tumors
c) The skin and its formation appear
d) in younger women
A, C, D
Mature teratomas - surround the correct claims:
a) from mature tissues
b) the cells are malignant in appearance
c) may occur in the genitals or mediastinum
d) frequent seeding
A, C
Immature teratomas
a) often seeding
b) from tissues of malignant appearance
c) immature tissues
d) mostly benign
e) arise in the sexual glands
C, D, E
Malignant melanoma can grow as a primary tumor in:
a) skin and some mucous membranes
b) the lungs
c) retinas
d) Leptomeninges
e) the liver
A, C, D
Colon cancer is:
a. It is the most common cause of death from human cancer
b. It is pathogenetic in relation to low-
c. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common
fiber foods
d. Most develop from adenomas
e. The stage of the disease is the most important prognostic factor
D
Testicular Seminoma
a) it is fast growing
b) the most common testicular tumor
c) is cystic and hemorrhagic
d) belongs to germline tumors
e) rapidly seeps into the lungs
B, D
Squamous cell carcinoma:
a) found in skin, throat and lungs
b) extremely rarely seeding and slowly growing
c) It is found in the kidneys and stomach
d) it is recognized by its pink pearls and intercellular bridges
e) we recognize him by nausea
A, C, D
Glioblastoma:
a. Necrosis and pseudopalanding
b) Severe nucleus and cell polymorphism
c) Seeks regional lymph nodes
d) Dichotomously branched veins
A
Segnalata come incompleta: metterei anche B “marked nuclear atypia” pag. 164
Meningiom:
a. It grows expansively
b. It grows infiltrating
c. It evolves out of a hole
d. It develops from meningothelial cells
e. Most commonly in the pontocerebral angle
A, D
Segnalata come incompleta metterei anche C
Lipomas
a. most commonly in the subcutaneous area
b. cells are the same as mature fat cells
c. characterized by myxoid stroma and branched veins
d. can build up in muscle
e. it is usually solitary
Tutte tranne la C
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482343/
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
a. cell polymorphism is the most important for prediction
b. may form in some mucous membranes
c. formed from basal keratinocytes
d. the pagetoid cell distribution is characteristic
e. there is also an amelanotic type
B,D
Glioblastoma
a) most common in the area of the upper sagittal sinus
b) is very malignant because it rapidly radiates beyond the central nervous system (locally invasive)
c) spread over the corpus of the callosum
C
Intraepithelial carcinoma:
a. It is synonymous with in situ
b. From the glandular epithelium
c. It is invasive
d. He can seize
e. From squamous epithelium
A
D (metastasi rare)
