Second year history Flashcards

Question

The results of the war of Independence

Answer 1

Independence was achieved ● Other countries were inspired to rebel and fight for independence ● Washington later became America’s first president ● The American Revolution encouraged similar revolutions in France and Ireland

Answer 2

● Washington was made the Commander ● The continental army knew the countryside well ● They had a cause which motivated them ● The British army called the Redcoats had better training and equipment ● But they were not as motivated and they were unused to the areas cold winter in the Valley forge ● Lots of men lost ● Washington was elected the first president of America ● He died in 1799

Answer 3

Reasons for the Irish Revolution Protestant Ascendancy The Irish Revolution ● Members of the Church of Ireland or the Anglican Church ● Only made of 15% of the Irish population at that time ● Had most power and owned most of the land ● They controlled the Irish parliament Penal Laws ● These laws discriminated against the Catholics and the Presbyterians ● After 1770, most of these penal laws were abolished but they still couldn’t become MP’s or have high positions of power ● Tithes still had to be paid ● Protestant Ascendency used these laws to maintain its power Poverty ● Most people were farmers, labourers and lived in the countryside ● Many farms were subdivided because of the rising population ● Many people were badly off ● Rural societies such as the Whiteboys protested against high rents and tithes\ Influence of the revolutions ● The American Revolution caused great excitement in Ireland ● The Irish had seen how the Americans had gained independence from the British ● The French Revolution was quite popular in Belfast ● The slogan “liberty, equality and fraternity” spread across Ireland Wolfe Tone ● Admired ideas of the French Revolution ● Argued that no reform in Ireland was needed unless it included voting rights for Catholics United Irishmen ● Formed from a meeting on the 18th October 1791 ● Their aims were to unite all religions, reform Irish parliament, reduce English power and use no violence ● It spread to Dublin and its membership was mostly middle class Catholic Committee ● A delegation that went to present a petition of Catholic grievances to the king ● Catholics couldn’t become MP’s or have high positions of power War ● There was a real fear of French invasion ● Government stopped further reforms and brought in a policy of repression ● Government believed United Irishmen were planning an invasion ● United Irishmen became a secret oath bound society

Answer 4

Background Tone went to France for help ● Lord Edward Fitzgerald and other leaders devised plans for a rebellion in May of 1798 ● Spies reported these plans and the leaders were arrested and some killed Rebellion in Connacht ● Defeated again in the Races of Castlebar and Ballinamuck ● Some of the leaders were sentenced to be hanged Rebellion in Ulster ● Rebellion in Ulster was limited because the British terror of 1797 caused the United irishmen to retreat Death of Tone ● British navy captured him ● Tone was sent to Dublin where he was hung after being tried ● He committed suicide Act of Union ● Passed in 1800 ● Abolished the Houses of Parliament in Dublin ● Irish MP’s and lords could only represent Ireland in Westminster

Answer 5

● 30,000 people died ● Increased bitterness between Catholics and Protestants ● Act of Union passed in 1800 ● Rebellions of 1803 led by Robert Emmet. These rebellions were also badly organised and easily put down ● Robert Emmet was later arrested and executed ● Tone regarded as the Father of Irish Republicans ● Tone inspired many later revolutionary leader

Answer 6

Background The Agricultural Revolution ● Industrial revolution reres to the system where goods were made in factories using water or steam power Old systems of farming ● Agricultural Revolution refers to the changes that occurred in farming methods in the late 18th century and early 19th century ● One field had to be left fallow to allow for recovery Causes of the Agricultural Revolution Rise in population ● Demand for more food and clothes Raw materials ● These were used to make goods ● The goods were sold and the profit was used to build machinery and factories Reasons why it happened Enclosures ● The open fields and common were divided into farms surrounded by fences and hedges ● The Act of Enclosure meant that commissioners were appointed to divide the land ● Easier to farm ● Work in new factories increased in the city

Answer 7

Before the Transport Revolution ● Carriages and carts transported goods ● Slow and expensive ● First steam engines took over the sailing ships because they were faster, safer and bigger ● Railroads were used to haul coal from mines ● Huge stationary steam engines were used ● Richard Trevithick designed small engines on wheels in 1804 ● In 1825, George Stephenson built the first good train running between Stockton and Darlington The impact of railways was quite a massive change as transportation was faster cheaper and good like coal and iron could be transported

Answer 8

``` Manufacturing inventions ● 1764 James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny ● 1769 Richard Arkwright - Water Frame ● 1779 Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule ● 1733 John Kay - Flying Shuttle ● 1787 Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom Steam Engines ● Thomas Newcomen was the first to build steam engines ● James Watt made improvements by adding a flywheel Impact of steam power ● Coal mines ● Transport ● Factories ● Iron industry Coal uses ● Engines for factories ● Gas lighting ● Railways and steamships ● Home heating and cooking ● Chemicals ● Furnaces Iron ● Smelted by charcoal ● Abraham Darby used coke instead of charcoal in 1709 ● Henry Cort discovered a way of making wrought iron in 1794. Liquid iron was stirred and rolled through rollers to make sheets of wrought iron ● Iron replaced wood in bridges. ships , piper and tracks Steel ● Henry Bessemer’s converter was invented to produce cheap steel in 1856 ```

Answer 9

Rising population ● Profits from trade ● Agricultural revolution ● Transport revolution

Answer 10

Rise in population ● Subdivision of land ● Dependence on potato ● Blight

Answer 11

1845 Small area affected and very few people had died ● 1846 Entire crop destroyed ● 1847 Less severe but crops were small, starvation spread ● 1848 Greater force, 3⁄4 crops destroyed, many died/emigrated ● 1849 and 1850 Worst effects were over

Answer 12

Imported 100,000 pounds worth of maize in 1845 to feed 1 million people ● Reduced impact of famine ● However, it was hard to eat and digest ● Set up public work schemes ● Allowed poor people to earn money by working on roads

Answer 13

Set up Society of Friends/Quackers ● Very successful, government passed Soup Kitchen Act in 1847 ● Closed down in September 1847 by the government

Answer 14

200,000 by 1848 (only 40,000 in 1845) ● Built to cater for only 100,000 people ● Overcrowding led to diseases ● Government gave permission to open soup kitchens when they got full

Answer 15

250,000 left for the USA in 1846 (200,000 left in the next 5 years) ● Some were helped by landlords who cleared their estates ● Sometimes 1 family member was sent to find work abroad to support the family financially ● Conditions on ships were bad “coffin ships” - many died on the way ● Overcrowding on board, spreading diseases quickly

Answer 16

``` Fall in population ● Subdivision ended ● Decline of the Irish language ● English government blamed for the Famine ● Decline of cottiers and small farmers ● Death and emigration ```