Second year history Flashcards
Beliefs prior to the age of exploration
Acronym: FBSSM
● Flat - world was flat
● Boiling - seas further south were boiling
● Small - the world was smaller than it actually was
● Strange people - people in the south would be stranger
● Monsters - the sea was full of monsters
New ships in age of exploration
Caravel
● Clinker built - overlapping wood made the caravel stronger
● Lateen and square sails - the caravel could
● Rudder - the caravel sailed faster and easier to steer
● Castle - a raised platform to see enemies approaching
New navigation equipment
Astrolabe, quadrant and cross staff measured latitude ● Compass determined map directions ● Portolan charts were upgraded ● Log and line measured speed ● Lead and line measured water depth
Christopher Columbus Short summary
Background
● Born in Genoa, Italy 1451
● Sailor
● Gained experience from previous voyages
● Attended Prince Henry’s school of navigation in Sagres
Aims and beliefs
● Believed Earth was round
● Believed that if you sailed from the West to East, you would reach Asian countries such
as China and Japan
● Portugal and England did not want to sponsor his voyage
● King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor his voyage
● Spain provided him with 3 ships: the Santa Maria (his flagship), the Pinta and the Nina
● He was promised the title “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” if he made a discovery
Voyages
● 3rd August 1492 set sail from Palos, Spain
● First stop was the Canary Islands for fresh supplies
● In September 1492, set sail into the unknowns of the Atlantic
● Diseases, punishments and poor food aboard
● 12th October 1492, Pinta spotted land which Columbus named “San Salvador” meaning
“Our Saviour”
● Columbus discovered Cuba and Hispaniola, but thought he had reached Asia
● Left 40 men in Hispaniola and returned to Spain with 6 “Indians” and strange plants/birds
Died in 1506
Results of the age of exploration
● Explorations brought great wealth to European countries e.g the gold found by Cortes and Pizarro ● trade routes were established Effect on Natives ● Their land was taken ● Forced to work in mines or on land ● Christianity was imposed on them ● Too many natives died that there was no one left to do the work, leading to slaves being imported from Africa
What is the reformation?
The Reformation refers to the changes and improvements that occurred in the Catholic Church that led to the growth of new religions
Causes of the reformation
● Wealth of the Catholic Church - people were jealous of their wealth. Princes and kings
wanted this wealth to build up their countries. The church received money in a number of ways:
➢ Medieval people gave money to priests and nuns to pray for them because the people were anxious to get to heaven
➢ Taxes were paid to the Pope and bishops by the Christians
● Abuses of the Catholic Church
➢ Nepotism - relations of nobles, cardinals and bishops were given church positions
➢ Simony - the buying and selling of church positions
➢ Pluralism - cardinals and bishops owned more than one diocese
➢ Absenteeism - when cardinals and bishops were absent from one of their diocese
due to pluralism
➢ Bishops cared more about power and wealth than their religion
➢ Bishops often had little education about their religion and they were unable to
read Latin and perform ceremonies and conduct services
● Princes - they wanted to control the power and influence of the Catholic Church
● Printing press - criticism of the Catholic Church could be spread quickly through books
and pamphlets
● Influence of the Renaissance - it encouraged people to question things, including
religion. Many criticised the church and said that it was not following what was written in the Bible
A summary on Martin Luther
Background
● Born in Saxony, Germany in 1483
● Read the Bible and discovered that justification by faith alone could get you to heaven
and not by buying indulgences
Protest 1517
● Luther wrote the 95 Theses, or arguments, against the Catholic Church. He then nailed them to the door of Wittenberg Castle
● A meeting was organised by King Charles V “Diet of Worms”, to discuss Luther and his beliefs
Results of the reformation
Wars of religion ● Thirty Years War (1618-48) Intolerance and persecution ● Catholics persecuted ● Protestant churches wanted everyone to read the Bible and for children to attend school
Reformation in England
Henry VIII
● Devout Catholic
● Known as the Defender of the Faith “Fidei Defensor”
● Reign ended in 1547 and he broke away from the Catholic Church because he wanted
to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon but the Catholic Church did not allow divorces
● He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church
● Passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which made the King of England the Head of the
Catholic Church
● The Oath of Supremacy was the promise to recognise King Henry as the Head of the
Catholic Church
Closure of monasteries
● Henry confiscated all lands belonging to monasteries, making them Crown property
● Reasons were: they were badly run, he wanted the wealth and land and the monks were
loyal to the Pope
● By 1547, Henry had closed 370 monasteries
English Reformation spreads
● Edward took over developing Protestantism fully and introducing the Book of Common Prayer
● Mary brought back the Catholic religion but she only reigned for 5 years
● Elizabeth established the Church of England (Anglican Church) where there was a
mixture of Lutheran and Catholic beliefs
● Elizabeth made Protestantism the official religion of England
Effects of the Reformation in England
● King became head of Church of England and the ruler of the country
● Parliament became more powerful because that was where the royals passed laws
● England was united
What was the pale?
Small area that stretched from the north to the south of Dublin
● King’s officials had power
● Common law, English customs and language was enforced
Who were the Anglo Irish?
Descendants from the Anglo-Normans
● Supposed to be loyal to the English Crown
● Followed both common and Brehon laws
● Examples were the Fitzgeralds of Kildare, Butlers of Ormond and the Fitzgeralds of
Desmond
Who were the Gaelic Irish lords
Descendants from the native Irish lords ● Followed the Brehon law only ● Each kingdom had its own king ● Examples were the O’Neills of Tyrone, the O’Donnells of Donegal and the McCarthys of Cork
Brehon law versus common law
Brehon Law
Chief was elected from the derbhfine Land owned by the clan/tribe
Common Law
New lord was the eldest son Land was owned by the lord
The plantations why and how
Reasons
● English wanted to extend their control beyond the Pale
How
● Rebellious chiefs were defeated and their lands confiscated
● Their lands were given to loyal settlers and planters
● Planters used English law, language and customs
● Planters defended their new land
Results of the plantation in Ireland
Political
● Conflict between Catholics and Protestants continued
● Protestants enforced penal laws to keep their power
● Conflict led to riots, developing into the Troubles
Cultural
● Gaelic culture, language and laws declined
● New farming methods depended on tillage
● Ireland became a more urban society
Religious
● Made country more Protestant
● Failed to crush the Catholic religion
The plantation of Laois and Offaly in 1556
Background
The Plantation of Laois Offaly 1556
● The O’Mores and the O’Connors were the main chieftains and they frequently invaded the Pale
● Queen Mary was the monarch responsible for carrying out this plantation
Aims
● To confiscate land in Laois and Offaly
● Impose English law
● Protect the Pale
● Control the native population
Plantation
● Confiscated Laois and renamed it “Queen’s County”
● Confiscated Offaly and renamed it “King’s County”
● Maryborough was the capital of Queen’s County
● Philipstown was the capital of “King’s County”
● 2⁄3 of the confiscated land was distributed to the English planters
● 1⁄3 of the confiscated land was given to loyal Irish
● In total, 360 acres of land were confiscated
● English law, language and customs were enforced in these confiscated areas
Results
● Only 80 planters arrived
● Gaelic Irish were given land because not enough planters arrived
● Confiscated lands were attacked by the O’Mores and the O’Connors
● Plantation was a failure
● The English learnt a lesson
The Munster plantations
Reasons
● Queen Elizabeth wanted to increase power of the British kingdom
● She wanted to decrease the risk of being invaded through Ireland
Background
● James Fitzmaurice-Fitzgerald led a rebellion, lost and was killed
● Munster was in shambles and the land was confiscated by the British
Plan
● Younger sons of noble families who wouldn’t inherit land were encouraged to settle in Ireland
● The land was divided into estates of 4000, 6000, 8000 acres
● Rent was imposed to be paid to the crown
● The planters had to be ready to defend against a Spanish invasion after 7 years
● English farmers, labourers and craftsmen would be employed and given homes on the
estates
● Some undertakers received very large estates because of their close connections with
the royal family eg. Sir. Walter Raleigh who received 42,000 acres
Outcome
● The plantation was a failure
● Only 1⁄3 of the aimed for 20,000 planters came to Ireland
Results
● A wealthy protestant minority developed
● Plantation towns such as Lismore and Killarney were built
● New farming methods revolving around tillage (crops) were introduced
The plantation of ulster
The Nine-Years War
The Plantation of Ulster
● Between 1594 and 1603
● Led by Hugh O’Neill and Hugh O’Donnell against the English government
● Many Irish victories eg. The Battle of the Yellow Ford
● One great failure ended the war at Kinsale in 1601
● In 1601, King Philip II of Spain decided to help but the Irish still lost at Kinsale
● The Treaty of Mellifont (1603) was signed allowing English law to be imposed by sheriffs
on their land
● O’Neill and O’Donnell became annoyed with the imposition and fled the country to
Europe
● This was called the Flight of The Earls (1607)
● Their land was confiscated
Reasons
● King James wanted power and control
● Wanted to convert the Irish to Protestantism
● Wanted to impose law, language and customs
How
● King James confiscated the land
● 6 counties were confiscated
● In total, 4 million acres
● Commission of Inquiry were appointed to investigate and survey the land
● The confiscated land was divided into crown land and church land
Undertakers
● Loyal British men
● Received 2000 acres
● Paid £5 per 1000 acres
● Could only take English or Scottish tenants
Servitors
● Soldiers who were owed money by the British government
● Received 1,500 acres
● Paid £8 per 1000 acres
● Could take protestant English, Scottish, and Irish Tenants
Loyal Irish
● Irish men who were loyal to the crown
● Received 1,000 acres
● Paid £10 per 1000 acres
The American war of independence
Background
The American War of Independence
● 7 years war in North America between England and France over territory
● 13 colonies of English settlers in North America
Taxes
● Navigation Acts allowed British to control America - American products could only be sold to England, low profit margin, lead to smuggling
● The Stamp Act meant that all newspapers and official documents had to be stamped which was expensive. The Americans then had to pay for this, leading to riots, stamps were burnt and stamp officials were attacked
● The Townsend Act refers to the taxes that the British imposed on some imported goods such as tea
● The Quartering Act was the taxes that the Americans had to pay to cover the cost of the war and for troops in America for defence
Sons of Liberty
● An American campaign that reduced British control
● Americans wanted “No Taxation Without Representation” (slogan of the Sons of Liberty)
in the British parliament
Boston Massacre 1770
● Officials were tarred and feathered by Americans protesting against the Stamp Act
● Angry crowds stoned British soldiers who open fired in return and killed 5
Boston Tea Party December 1773
● The Boston Tea Party was the first act of war. Americans disguised as Indians dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston Harbour from British ships
● Martial law was imposed on Boston
● Boston Harbour was closed
What was the significance of the meeting of the continental congress in May 1775
A meeting in Philadelphia that representatives from 13 colonies attended
● Washington represented Virginia
● They passed the Declaration of Independence on the 4th of July 1776
● Washington was appointed commander in chief when he impressed representatives at the Continental Congress
Early battles of the American war of independence
George Washington Became Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army
● Thomas Paine wrote “Common Sense” and Inspired Americans
● Declaration of Independence (1776)
Later battles of the American war of Independence
Battle of Saratoga (1777) - important American win
● French and Spanish help came: money, ships, arms, trained generals and armies
● Washington in Philadelphia - British
● Battle at Yorktown (1781) - American won against British General Cornwallis
● British Surrendered
● America Gained Independence (1787)
Reasons why the Americans won the war
The Americans knew the territory better
● They had a cause which motivated them to fight
● They had a good leader - George Washington
● They received French and Spanish Help
The results of the war of Independence
Independence was achieved
● Other countries were inspired to rebel and fight for independence
● Washington later became America’s first president
● The American Revolution encouraged similar revolutions in France and Ireland
A summary on George Washington
● Washington was made the Commander
● The continental army knew the countryside well
● They had a cause which motivated them
● The British army called the Redcoats had better training and equipment
● But they were not as motivated and they were unused to the areas
cold winter in the Valley forge
● Lots of men lost
● Washington was elected the first president of America
● He died in 1799
The Irish revolution causes of the 1798 rising
Reasons for the Irish Revolution Protestant Ascendancy
The Irish Revolution
● Members of the Church of Ireland or the Anglican Church
● Only made of 15% of the Irish population at that time
● Had most power and owned most of the land
● They controlled the Irish parliament
Penal Laws
● These laws discriminated against the Catholics and the Presbyterians
● After 1770, most of these penal laws were abolished but they still couldn’t become MP’s
or have high positions of power
● Tithes still had to be paid
● Protestant Ascendency used these laws to maintain its power
Poverty
● Most people were farmers, labourers and lived in the countryside
● Many farms were subdivided because of the rising population
● Many people were badly off
● Rural societies such as the Whiteboys protested against high rents and tithes\
Influence of the revolutions
● The American Revolution caused great excitement in Ireland
● The Irish had seen how the Americans had gained independence from the British
● The French Revolution was quite popular in Belfast
● The slogan “liberty, equality and fraternity” spread across Ireland
Wolfe Tone
● Admired ideas of the French Revolution
● Argued that no reform in Ireland was needed unless it included voting rights for Catholics
United Irishmen
● Formed from a meeting on the 18th October 1791
● Their aims were to unite all religions, reform Irish parliament, reduce English power and
use no violence
● It spread to Dublin and its membership was mostly middle class
Catholic Committee
● A delegation that went to present a petition of Catholic grievances to the king
● Catholics couldn’t become MP’s or have high positions of power
War
● There was a real fear of French invasion
● Government stopped further reforms and brought in a policy of repression
● Government believed United Irishmen were planning an invasion
● United Irishmen became a secret oath bound society
1798 rising
Background
Tone went to France for help
● Lord Edward Fitzgerald and other leaders devised plans for a rebellion in May of 1798
● Spies reported these plans and the leaders were arrested and some killed
Rebellion in Connacht
● Defeated again in the Races of Castlebar and Ballinamuck
● Some of the leaders were sentenced to be hanged
Rebellion in Ulster
● Rebellion in Ulster was limited because the British terror of 1797 caused the United irishmen to retreat
Death of Tone
● British navy captured him
● Tone was sent to Dublin where he was hung after being tried
● He committed suicide
Act of Union
● Passed in 1800
● Abolished the Houses of Parliament in Dublin
● Irish MP’s and lords could only represent Ireland in Westminster
Results of the 1798 rebellion
● 30,000 people died
● Increased bitterness between Catholics and Protestants
● Act of Union passed in 1800
● Rebellions of 1803 led by Robert Emmet. These rebellions were also badly organised
and easily put down
● Robert Emmet was later arrested and executed
● Tone regarded as the Father of Irish Republicans
● Tone inspired many later revolutionary leader
A short summary on the agricultural revolution
Background
The Agricultural Revolution
● Industrial revolution reres to the system where goods were made in factories using water or steam power
Old systems of farming
● Agricultural Revolution refers to the changes that occurred in farming methods in the late
18th century and early 19th century
● One field had to be left fallow to allow for recovery
Causes of the Agricultural Revolution Rise in population
● Demand for more food and clothes
Raw materials
● These were used to make goods
● The goods were sold and the profit was used to build machinery and factories
Reasons why it happened Enclosures
● The open fields and common were divided into farms surrounded by fences and hedges
● The Act of Enclosure meant that commissioners were appointed to divide the land
● Easier to farm
● Work in new factories increased in the city
A short summary on the transport revolution
Before the Transport Revolution
● Carriages and carts transported goods
● Slow and expensive
● First steam engines took over the sailing ships because they were faster, safer and bigger
● Railroads were used to haul coal from mines
● Huge stationary steam engines were used
● Richard Trevithick designed small engines on wheels in 1804
● In 1825, George Stephenson built the first good train running between Stockton and
Darlington
The impact of railways was quite a massive change as transportation was faster cheaper and good like coal and iron could be transported
Background to the industrial revolution
Manufacturing inventions ● 1764 James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny ● 1769 Richard Arkwright - Water Frame ● 1779 Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule ● 1733 John Kay - Flying Shuttle ● 1787 Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom Steam Engines ● Thomas Newcomen was the first to build steam engines ● James Watt made improvements by adding a flywheel Impact of steam power ● Coal mines ● Transport ● Factories ● Iron industry Coal uses ● Engines for factories ● Gas lighting ● Railways and steamships ● Home heating and cooking ● Chemicals ● Furnaces Iron ● Smelted by charcoal ● Abraham Darby used coke instead of charcoal in 1709 ● Henry Cort discovered a way of making wrought iron in 1794. Liquid iron was stirred and rolled through rollers to make sheets of wrought iron ● Iron replaced wood in bridges. ships , piper and tracks Steel ● Henry Bessemer’s converter was invented to produce cheap steel in 1856
Causes of the industrial revolution
Rising population
● Profits from trade
● Agricultural revolution
● Transport revolution
Causes of the great Famine
Rise in population
● Subdivision of land
● Dependence on potato
● Blight
Progress of the famine
1845 Small area affected and very few people had died
● 1846 Entire crop destroyed
● 1847 Less severe but crops were small, starvation spread
● 1848 Greater force, 3⁄4 crops destroyed, many died/emigrated
● 1849 and 1850 Worst effects were over
Sir Robert peel helps victims
Of the famine
Imported 100,000 pounds worth of maize in 1845 to feed 1 million people
● Reduced impact of famine
● However, it was hard to eat and digest
● Set up public work schemes
● Allowed poor people to earn money by working on roads
The soup kitchens (the famine)
Set up Society of Friends/Quackers
● Very successful, government passed Soup Kitchen Act in 1847
● Closed down in September 1847 by the government
Workhouses during the famine
200,000 by 1848 (only 40,000 in 1845)
● Built to cater for only 100,000 people
● Overcrowding led to diseases
● Government gave permission to open soup kitchens when they got full
Emigration during the great famine
250,000 left for the USA in 1846 (200,000 left in the next 5 years)
● Some were helped by landlords who cleared their estates
● Sometimes 1 family member was sent to find work abroad to support the family
financially
● Conditions on ships were bad “coffin ships” - many died on the way
● Overcrowding on board, spreading diseases quickly
Results of the famine
Fall in population ● Subdivision ended ● Decline of the Irish language ● English government blamed for the Famine ● Decline of cottiers and small farmers ● Death and emigration
