First year history Flashcards
Sources
Written ● Visual ● Oral
Definitions Of numerous sources
Primary source refers to sources that come directly from the period of time being
studied
● Secondary source refers to sources to come indirectly and after the period of time
being studied
● Bias refers to deliberately selecting evidence to strengthen their own case and
weakening others
● Prejudice refers to making up your mind before you know what will happen
● Propaganda refers to appealing to people’s feelings in order to promote your point of
view and convince people you are right
● Manuscripts refers to handwritten books usually in Latin
● Autobiography refers to the story of a person’s own life written by themselves
● Biography refers to the story of a person’s life written by a historian or another person
● Chronology refers to putting events in order of time
● Anno Domini (AD) refers to the Year of Our Lord and the years after Jesus Christ was
born
● BC refers to the years before the birth of Christ
What is archaeology?
Archaeology is the story of the past from material remains
What are artifacts ?
Are objects made by people
Dating the evidence
Stratigraphy ● Coins ● Pottery ● Dendrochronology ● Carbon dating ● Pollen analysis
Details of the early Christian monestaries
Bible was studied
● Manuscripts were copied
● Metalworking and stone carvings were produced
● Great works of art
● Welcomed visitors
● St Enda, Skellig Michael, Clonmacnoise and Clonmel are examples
Life of monks
Main activity was prayer ● Attended 6-8 services on a daily basis ● Farming Self sufficient ● Strict rules ● Produced own food ● Wore uncomfortable habits and shaved tonsures
Round tower
Door high above ground reached by a ladder
● Belfries rung a bell to call monks for services
● Storage for valuables
● Safety from vikings when under attack
Stone crosses (early Christian Ireland significance)
High stone crosses were first simple
● Later, details of scenes from the Bible and figures of saints were carved
● Taught people about Christianity who were illiterate
● Muireadach’s Cross in Co. Louth is an example
● The top of these were often made into small churches
Patrician housing (Rome)
Domus ● Private houses ● Front occupied by shops ● Enter the house through an atrium ● The peristylium is the walled garden at the rear end of the domus ● Impluvium was a shallow pool that collected rainwater from an open roof ● Floor made of mosaic ● Walls decorated with murals
Plebeians (housing) (Rome)
Insulae - apartments
● Lower storeys made of stone
● Higher floors made of timber
● Poorer families rented upper rooms (bad conditions)
● No toilets or water supply
● Public toilets and water was from public fountains
● Great danger of the timber catching on fire
Family life (Rome)
Father was in charge even when children were adults
● Mother ran household and did spinning
● Arranged marriages for daughters
● Poorer women worked in markets, shops and baths
Food and drink in Rome
Poor
● Depended on bread for breakfast and lunch
● Porridge from wheat barley
● Cold dinners or take away
Rich
● Simple breakfast and lunch
● After bathing, dinner was the main meal (known as cena)
● The cena had 3 courses
● May have attended feasts
● Men and women lay on couches as they ate
● Slaves served food and musicians entertained the rich as they ate
● Used fingers to eat their food
What was the dole? (Rome)
Emperors gave a free supply of grain to 200000 unemployed Romans on a monthly basis
Education in ancient rome
Poor
● Illiterate
● They had to work
● Little time for education
Rich
● At 7 years old, the children went to primary school
● Boys went on to grammar school
● Learned to write on a wax tablet with a stylus (a pen)
● Girls stayed home to prepare for marriage
Entertainment in Ancient Rome
Gladiator contests
● Held in amphitheatre
● Colosseum held up to 50,000 people
● A sun canopy allowed for shade
● Slaves or criminals specially trained for contests
● Often fought until death
Chariot racing
● Held in Circus Maximus
● Held up to 250,000 people
● Four teams raced 7 times around the central spine
● Each chariot was drawn by 2,4 or 6 horses
Plays
● Held in open air theatres
● Actors wore masks for easy identification
● Audiences clapped, booed and hissed - interaction
The feudal system
The king owned all the land
● Barons and bishops (tenants in chief) received land from the kind
● A ceremony was held for handing over land (fief) and this ceremony was called the
investiture ceremony
● The receiver swore an oath to become a vassal to their lord
● The barons and bishops promised to fight for the king and to provide the king with
knights
● Knights promised to fight for their lords and obey them
● Knights were given manors (villages with land)
● Knights kept a demesne for private use and divided the rest among peasants and
farmers
Motte and bailey
Motte was a mound of earth on top of which a wall and keep were built
● A bailey was the flat area built below the keep
● The bailey was enclosed by an earthen bank
Stone castles
Stronger but more expensive to build
● Kings and powerful lords afforded them
Gunpowder and cannons lead to their downfall
The lord of the castle
Organised the business and kept his territory under control
● Carried out wishes of his king
● He held courts and disputes
● Appointed a bailiff to look after the village for him and to collect rents
The lady of the castle
Noblewomen had arranged marriages
● The bride’s father provided a dowry for her to take to her new family
● She was in charge of the stores, banking and gave directions to the servants
● Responsible for her daughters’ education
● Teach daughter how to spin, weave, music and embroidery
Page
Seven years old
● Foster family
● Learned code of chivalry
● Helped the lady of the manor
Squire
14 years old
● Helped lord put on armour
● Trained in horse riding and weaponry usage
● Learned basics of jousting
Knight
● Dubbing ceremony ● Promised to fight for the lord ● Train a squire ● 21 years old ● Fought on horses with lances, maces, swords and axes
Manor
Village and land surrounding it given to the knight by his lord
● Lived in the manor house
● Knights kept a demesne for their own use and rented to peasants
● Knights employed bailiffs to run manors
Knightly sports and entertainment
Tournaments ● Jousting
● Hawking
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance refers to the revival or the rebirth of interest in learning of ancient Greece and Rome
Why did the Renaissance be gain in Italy?
Ruins in ancient Rome
● Reminded Italians of their glorious past
● Studied by artists all over Europe
● Inspired Italians to learn about their past
City states
● Competed with each other to produce fine works
● City states refers to the most important states in Italy
Wealth of Italian cities
● Merchants brought silk and spices from Asia
● Merchants used their wealth to become patrons
Fall of Constantinople
● Turks captured it in 1453
● Before it was captured, many scholars left for Italy and brought manuscripts with them
Invention of the printing press
● Learning of ancient Greece and Rome could now be spread quicker
Gutenberg (what did he invent?)
Background ● Born in Mainz, Germany ● Goldsmith ● Invented moveable metal type made of individual metal letters ● Invented printing press First printed book ● Bible in Latin ● 42 lines on each page in Gothic style
● Painted on paper, cheaper than vellum or parchment After invention ● Bad businessman and was expelled from his own business ● Printed press spread quickly Effects of printing press ● Plentiful supply of books ● Cheaper books ● Spread of literacy ● More emphasis on education ● Spread of new ideas
Leonardo da Vinci summary
Background ● Born in 1452 in Vinci ● Born illegitimate ● Fascinated by science ● Kept notebooks in mirror writing Apprenticeship ● Verrocchio in Florence ● “The Baptism of Christ” - da Vinci painted the angel in the left hand corner ● Used oil instead of egg tempera Journeyman ● Sforza in Milan was his patron ● “The Last Supper” - each face had a unique expression ● Painted on dry plaster, easier to correct mistakes but later on began to crack Later life ● Returned to Florence ● “Mona Lisa”
● Medici, new patron ● Sfumato
Death
● France, 1519
● “Mona Lisa” - Louvre
Galileo short summary
Early life
● Born in Pisa, Italy
● Studied medicine at University of Pisa
● Pendulum clock in Pisa Cathedral
● Overheard geometry lesson and switched interests to maths and science
Maths
● Professor of mathematics at Padua University
● Theory of the speed of falling bodies
Telescope
● Saw mountains and craters on moon
● Saw four moons around Jupiter
● Saw sunspots
Copernicus’ theory
● Sun was at the centre of the universe
● Galileo used his telescope to support this theory
Catholic Church
● Published a book about his ideas
● Summoned to Rome to appear before Inquisition
● Forced to deny his beliefs under threat of torture
● Under house arrest
● Went blind in 1637, but worked until death in 1642
William Shakespeare short summary
Early Life ● Stratford-on-Avon ● Merchant and public figure ● Father ● Married Anne Hathaway at 18
Actor and playwright ● Moved to London in 30s alone ● Became an actor and wrote with the King’s Men, a theatre company ● Performed in the Globe Theatre ● Wrote 38 plays ● Performed for monarchy Fictional characters ● Realistic ● Human emotions ● Tragedies, comedies and histories ● 150 sonnets Globe Theatre ● Only boys allowed ● No stage scenery Death ● 1613 returned to Stratford ● 1616 died
Influences of the Renaissance
Perspective
● Printing press
● Old ideas questioned
● New discovery in knowledge
● New ideas
● Developments in painting, sculpture, and architecture
Advancements in science and medicine Science
● Galileo Galilei - telescope
● Theory of the speed of falling bodies
● Copernicus theory - sun is the centre of the universe “On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres”
