Second section Flashcards
1
Q
physical injury or loss of a cells normal structural integrity
A
trauma
2
Q
types of trauma
A
direct contact hypothermia hyperthermia mechanical pressure micro organisms
3
Q
what is direct contact truama
A
getting hit
hemorrhage
battles sign
raccoon eye
4
Q
exposure to low temperature
A
hypothermia
frostbite
5
Q
what happens to the cell during hypothermia
A
cell freezes
increases in size
ruptures the cell membrane
6
Q
what does hypothermia lead to
A
amputation
non reversable damage
7
Q
exposure to high temperature
A
hyperthermia
8
Q
exposure to fire causes
A
greater than 42 degrees C
protein coagulation occurs
transformation of carbon
9
Q
exposure to high temp via ionizing rad
A
release of heat energy by ionizing particles
leads to burns
10
Q
exposure to electric current
A
high voltage can burn
11
Q
what is mechanical cell pressure
A
pressure atrophy
cells are crushed as they cannot resist the pressure
12
Q
what are the types of mechanical pressure
A
tumor
aneurysm
high intensity sound
kidney stones
13
Q
common sites of aneurysm
A
congenital weak muscular layers of arteries
cerebral arteries near bifurcations are a common site
subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke–> rupture
14
Q
how do kidney stones cause mechanical pressure
A
accumulation of urine- cannot compress fluid increased hydrostatic pressure- in the kidney
which will raise osmotic pressure
15
Q
two particular microorganisms causing trauma
A
malaria
echinococcus
16
Q
where does malaria develope?
A
within the red blood cell
17
Q
what type of mosquito carries the malaria plasmodium
A
anaphelus mosquito
18
Q
how does malaria proceed
A
protozoa infects the red blood cells causing them to rupture every few days
19
Q
what is echinococcus
A
a worm
20
Q
how is echinococcus acquired
A
eat infected meat with the worms eggs
21
Q
where does the echinococcus cause the most issues
A
liver
brain
kidney
22
Q
what does the echinococcus parasite look like
A
a balloon cyts
infects any tissue and will rupture the surrounding cells
23
Q
cloudy swelling
A
hydropic degeneration
hydropic changes
24
Q
what happens in hydropic changes
A
problems in one area cause steps that lead to problems in the entire body
25
hydropic changes in nephron tubule process
```
Na moves into the ICF easily
ATP is required to remove it
cell damage may injure the mitochondria
no more ATP
Na cant leave
increase in Na causes an increase in osmotic pressure inside the cell so water moves into the cell to balance the concentration
causing cell distention
```
26
what is steatosis
fattty changes
| accumulation of fatty acid within the cell
27
where are common fatty acid accumulation sites
liver
kidneys
heart
28
what causes steatosis
```
protein malnutrition
intoxication
cardiac anoxia
obesity
diabetes mellitus
alcohol
```
29
what is the process of steatosis in the liver
hepatocytes produce lipoprotiens from free fatty acids and amino acids
if alcoholic intoxication of hepatocytes
if bad diet not enough AA the FA will accumulate
hepatocytes get distended and cant function
cause pressure of adjacent cells
scar tissue from long term compression
liver failure
30
what are residual bodies
intracellular accumulation of damaged cell parts. lysosome did not engulf all of the damaged parts they are left as separate isolated bodies
31
what is the aka for hyaline changes
hyalinization
32
what do hyaline changes look like
pink glass like protein accumulation intracellularly or intercellularly(extracellular)
looks like hyaline cartilage under a microscpore but isnt hyaline it is protine
33
which type of hyaline change is not dangerious
intracellular
| within the cell
34
reabsorprtion droplets are
droplets of protein
abnormal protein loss in urine tubules try to reabsorb
cells become filled with protein droplets
no more protein in excreted in urine protein droplets will be release back into the urine over time and tubule cells will return to normal
35
mallory bodies are
mallory alcoholic hyaline
found in the liver-hepatocytes
it is reverable
36
where are russell bodies found
in cytoplasm
37
what is the most common Mal tumor in adults
multiple myeloma
| aka plasma cell myeloma
38
plasma cell dyscrasias
beta cell neoplams that have in common the expansion of a single clone of immunoglobulin secreting cells and resultant increase in serum levels of immunoglobulin or its fragments
death 3-5 years
39
malignant condition; uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of plasma cells in bone marrow
multiple myeloma
40
dutcher bodies are found where
in the cells nuclei
41
waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia akas
hyperviscosity syndrome
| lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
42
what causes waldenstrom
monoclonal tumor
| cancer of B lymphocytes resulting in the over production of IgM antibodies
43
russell and dutcher bodies are commonly seen with what
in waldenstrom macroglobulinema cancer
44
intercellular deposites are
dangerous
| obstruct small lumen
45
intercellular deposition can cause
tissue necrosis because of ischemia or infarc
| increased brittleness of vessels causing intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
46
what in an amyloid
generic term for variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium
47
alternative metabolism is
oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of O2 cell will look for an alternate supply of energy
48
what is an altered size adaptive response?
hypertorphy
| atrophy
49
cell/organ enlargement in response to increase demands
hypertrophy
50
hypertrophy of the heart
increased resistance
increased pressure due to hypertension
heart works harder and enlarges
increased wall thinkness
51
shrinking due to decreased demands
atrophy
52
osteoporosis results from
disuse but commonly due to hormonal changes
53
inner portion or bone is gone causing
fractures
54
normal bone loss in a year for men and women
0.7%
55
gain bone mass what part of life
first 30 years
56
what group of people do not get osteoperosis
obese
57
why do obese people not get osteoperosis
fat accumulates estrogen and continue to release it post menopause
increased weight bearing
58
most common group to get osteoporosis
white blonde women
59
least common group to get osteoporosis
dark skinned women
60
```
contagious- viral
irreversible
lose anterior horn of spinal cord- motor
muscles atrophy without neuronal stim
prevent with polio vaccine
neurological loss of motor control
```
poliomyelitis
61
inadequate hormonal stimulation
graves disease
| hashimotos thyroiditis
62
what produces and secrets TSH
pituitary
63
what does TSH do
stimulates thyroid to produce and release thyroid hormone
64
without TSH it will cause
atrophy of the thyroid
65
what is the #1 cause of hypothyroidism
hashimotos thyroiditis
66
what happens in hasimotos
antibodies attack TSh receptors on thyroid-> they bind and block TSH
slow loss of thryoid function (atrophy)
autoimmune idopathic
first described autoimmune disease 1913
67
female to male 2:1
hyperthyroidism
antibodies bind to TSH receptors and mimic TSH
stim thyroid to produce excess amounts thyroid hormone
goiter
exophthalmos
graves disease
68
what is a bleb
out pocketing of cell membrane
1-3 are reversible
more than 3 are irreversable
69
disruption of the cell membrane
| 1-2 reversible
myelin figures
70
nucleus changes
irreverible may lead to cell death
karyolysis
pkynosis
karyorrhexis
71
dissolution of the nucleus with in cytoplasm
karyolysis
72
condensation of the nucleus shrink
pkynosis
73
fragmentation f the nucleus
karyorrhexis
74
death of cells or tissues through injury or disease
| esp locallized areas
necrosis
75
types of necrosis
```
coagulative
liquefactive
casseous
fat
fibrinoid
gangrene
zenkers
gummatous
```
76
implies preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cells for a span of at least some days- allowing body to attempt to heal-fibrosis replaces dead tissue
coagulated necrosis
77
preservation of size shape and strength for several days
coagulated necrosis
78
what characterizes coagulated necrosis
denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
breakdown of cell oragnelles
cell swelling
79
an example of coagulated necrosis
myocardial infarction
80
death of an area if tissue caused by ischema
infarction
| caused by coagulated necrosis
81
what is white infarct
tissue with single blood supply
| heart
82
what is red infarct
tissues with two or more blood supplies
liver
lungs
83
complete digestion of dead cells resulting in transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass
liquefactive necrosis
84
melting of tissue
liquefactive necrosis
85
an example of liquefactive tissue
stroke
brain infarct
formation of a cavity
86
cheese curd like necrosis
casseous necrosis
87
what is the apperance of casseous necrosis
amorphous granular debris enclosed in inflammatory border
88
granulomatous reaction
inflammatory border around casseous necrossis areas
89
two types of casseous necrosis
leprosy
| TB in the lungs
90
chronic bacterial infection causing nerve damage
leprosy
91
general gariesis of insane
gummatous necosis
92
syphilis is what type of necrosis
gummatous
93
aka for syphilis
lues
94
what syphilis is the most dangerious
tertiary
95
where does neurosyphilis occur?
brain and posterior column
96
what is zenker's necrosis
severe waxy or glassy necrosis of skeletal muscles in acute infectious disease such as
typhoid
cholera
97
aka for fat necorsis
steatonecrosis
98
what is fat necrosis
necrosis of adipose tissue
| formation of calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and FA
99
an example of steatonecrosis
pancreatonecrosis- gall bladder stones obstruct bile duct and bile juices back up causing necrosis of the pancreas and death
100
occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial or smooth muscle cells are injured or dying
fibroid necrosis
| common in immunopathologies
101
example of fibrotic necrosis
rheumatic myocarditis
102
what is gangrene
serious condition that occurs when large mass of body tissue dies
103
what occurs in dry gangrene
tissue is black
| coagulation is sustained obliteration of small vessels
104
what causes dry gangrene
ischemia
atherosclerosis
diabetes mellitus
105
dry gangrene can be seen in
```
systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
diabetes mellitus (diabetic microaniopathy)
buergers disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)
```
106
what is wet gangerens
enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce liquefaction
107
an example of wet gangrene
bed sores
| blockage of blood flow usually venous
108
bacteria usually associated with wet gangrene
anaerobic: closteridium perfringes and bascilius fusiform
| polyarteritis medosa-> systemic vascularitis
109
what is gas gangrene
bacterial infection that off gasses
war disease
anaerobic strep
clostridium
110
greek "falling off" or programmed cells death
apoptosis
111
nodes seen in intermuscular connective tissue surrounding inflammatory cells
aschoff's nodes
112
process of apoptosis
tightly regulated program which in cells destined to die enzymes degrade cells own nuclear DNA, nucleus and cytoplasmic protiens
113
normal cell death
embryogenesis
menstruation (hormone dependant)
induced by cytotoxic T cells to combat virus infected or cancerous cells
114
exogenous pigments
carbon is the most common
| tattoo
115
what is anthracosis
deposit and accumulation of carbon in tissue of the lungs
116
coal worker pneumoconiosis
lung disease
lung tissue modified because inhale particles
replace embedded tissue with cartilage or connective tissue
117
endogenous pigments
```
lipofuscin
melanin
homogentisic acid
hemosiderin
copper
calcification
```
118
aka lipofuscin
lipochrome
wear and tear pigment
brown atrophy
119
represents complexes of protein and lipid derived from free radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes
lipofuscin
120
common in elderly
| sign of aging
lipofuscin
121
common things affected by lipofuscin
liver
| heart muscle
122
```
black
normal component of skin
prod by melanocytes
protects from UV radiation
skin coloration is dep on the region where individual lives due to the amount of sun light recieved
```
melanin
123
black
abnormal pigment
onchronosis
alkatonuria
homogentisic acid
124
accumulates in tissues where there is local or systemic excess of Fe and represents large aggregates of ferritin micelles
hemosiderin
125
where is hemosiderin usually seen
spleen
liver
lymph nodes
126
systemic overload of Fe
hemosiderosis
127
bantu siderosis
hemochromatosis
| excess accumulation of Fe
128
primary hemochromatosis is
genetic
predelect in males 7:1
increased Fe absorption in GI
accumulation Fe in liver= cancer
129
secondary hemochromatosis is
aquired
aka transfusion rection
seen in malaria, hemolytic anemia, ingestion of alcohol kept in iron barrels
130
hemochromatosis affects
```
liver (cancer in 20x)
hepatomegally and liver scirrosis
liver fibrosis
pancreas-> lead to diabetes
cardiomyopathies
skin hyperpigmentation
```
131
wilsons disease aka
hepatolenticular degeneration
| rare in males
132
normal path copper travles
blood->bind to globulin -> becomes ceruloplasmin ->travels to liver-> split and removed via bile
133
what happens in wilsons disease
cerulopasmin not made and copper is not released from liver
134
what effects does wilson disease have
liver cirrhosis b/c accumulation of copper
copper ring in eyes "kayser-fleischer ring"
damage midbrain ganglia=motor dysfunction
135
how do you treat wilsons disease
D-penicillamine
removes copper from circulation
very dangerous inhib cell replication
