Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path I > Second section > Flashcards

Second section Flashcards

1
Q

physical injury or loss of a cells normal structural integrity

A

trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of trauma

A 
direct contact
hypothermia
hyperthermia
mechanical pressure
micro organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is direct contact truama

A

getting hit
hemorrhage
battles sign
raccoon eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

exposure to low temperature

A

hypothermia

frostbite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens to the cell during hypothermia

A

cell freezes
increases in size
ruptures the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does hypothermia lead to

A

amputation

non reversable damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

exposure to high temperature

A

hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

exposure to fire causes

A

greater than 42 degrees C
protein coagulation occurs
transformation of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

exposure to high temp via ionizing rad

A

release of heat energy by ionizing particles

leads to burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

exposure to electric current

A

high voltage can burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is mechanical cell pressure

A

pressure atrophy

cells are crushed as they cannot resist the pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the types of mechanical pressure

A

tumor
aneurysm
high intensity sound
kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

common sites of aneurysm

A

congenital weak muscular layers of arteries
cerebral arteries near bifurcations are a common site
subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke–> rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do kidney stones cause mechanical pressure

A

accumulation of urine- cannot compress fluid increased hydrostatic pressure- in the kidney
which will raise osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

two particular microorganisms causing trauma

A

malaria

echinococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where does malaria develope?

A

within the red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of mosquito carries the malaria plasmodium

A

anaphelus mosquito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does malaria proceed

A

protozoa infects the red blood cells causing them to rupture every few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is echinococcus

A

a worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is echinococcus acquired

A

eat infected meat with the worms eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where does the echinococcus cause the most issues

A

liver
brain
kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the echinococcus parasite look like

A

a balloon cyts

infects any tissue and will rupture the surrounding cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cloudy swelling

A

hydropic degeneration

hydropic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens in hydropic changes

A

problems in one area cause steps that lead to problems in the entire body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hydropic changes in nephron tubule process

A 
Na moves into the ICF easily
ATP is required to remove it 
cell damage may injure the mitochondria
no more ATP
Na cant leave
increase in Na causes an increase in osmotic pressure inside the cell so water moves into the cell to balance the concentration
causing cell distention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is steatosis

A

fattty changes

accumulation of fatty acid within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where are common fatty acid accumulation sites

A

liver
kidneys
heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what causes steatosis

A 
protein malnutrition
intoxication
cardiac anoxia
obesity
diabetes mellitus
alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the process of steatosis in the liver

A

hepatocytes produce lipoprotiens from free fatty acids and amino acids
if alcoholic intoxication of hepatocytes
if bad diet not enough AA the FA will accumulate
hepatocytes get distended and cant function
cause pressure of adjacent cells
scar tissue from long term compression
liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are residual bodies

A

intracellular accumulation of damaged cell parts. lysosome did not engulf all of the damaged parts they are left as separate isolated bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the aka for hyaline changes

A

hyalinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do hyaline changes look like

A

pink glass like protein accumulation intracellularly or intercellularly(extracellular)
looks like hyaline cartilage under a microscpore but isnt hyaline it is protine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which type of hyaline change is not dangerious

A

intracellular

within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

reabsorprtion droplets are

A

droplets of protein
abnormal protein loss in urine tubules try to reabsorb
cells become filled with protein droplets
no more protein in excreted in urine protein droplets will be release back into the urine over time and tubule cells will return to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

mallory bodies are

A

mallory alcoholic hyaline
found in the liver-hepatocytes
it is reverable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where are russell bodies found

A

in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the most common Mal tumor in adults

A

multiple myeloma

aka plasma cell myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

plasma cell dyscrasias

A

beta cell neoplams that have in common the expansion of a single clone of immunoglobulin secreting cells and resultant increase in serum levels of immunoglobulin or its fragments
death 3-5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

malignant condition; uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of plasma cells in bone marrow

A

multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

dutcher bodies are found where

A

in the cells nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia akas

A

hyperviscosity syndrome

lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what causes waldenstrom

A

monoclonal tumor

cancer of B lymphocytes resulting in the over production of IgM antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

russell and dutcher bodies are commonly seen with what

A

in waldenstrom macroglobulinema cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

intercellular deposites are

A

dangerous

obstruct small lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

intercellular deposition can cause

A

tissue necrosis because of ischemia or infarc

increased brittleness of vessels causing intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what in an amyloid

A

generic term for variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

alternative metabolism is

A

oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of O2 cell will look for an alternate supply of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is an altered size adaptive response?

A

hypertorphy

atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cell/organ enlargement in response to increase demands

A

hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

hypertrophy of the heart

A

increased resistance
increased pressure due to hypertension
heart works harder and enlarges
increased wall thinkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

shrinking due to decreased demands

A

atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

osteoporosis results from

A

disuse but commonly due to hormonal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

inner portion or bone is gone causing

A

fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

normal bone loss in a year for men and women

A

0.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

gain bone mass what part of life

A

first 30 years

56
Q

what group of people do not get osteoperosis

A

obese

57
Q

why do obese people not get osteoperosis

A

fat accumulates estrogen and continue to release it post menopause
increased weight bearing

58
Q

most common group to get osteoporosis

A

white blonde women

59
Q

least common group to get osteoporosis

A

dark skinned women

60
Q 
contagious- viral
irreversible
lose anterior horn of spinal cord- motor
muscles atrophy without neuronal stim
prevent with polio vaccine
neurological loss of motor control
A

poliomyelitis

61
Q

inadequate hormonal stimulation

A

graves disease

hashimotos thyroiditis

62
Q

what produces and secrets TSH

A

pituitary

63
Q

what does TSH do

A

stimulates thyroid to produce and release thyroid hormone

64
Q

without TSH it will cause

A

atrophy of the thyroid

65
Q

what is the #1 cause of hypothyroidism

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

66
Q

what happens in hasimotos

A

antibodies attack TSh receptors on thyroid-> they bind and block TSH
slow loss of thryoid function (atrophy)
autoimmune idopathic
first described autoimmune disease 1913

67
Q

female to male 2:1
hyperthyroidism
antibodies bind to TSH receptors and mimic TSH
stim thyroid to produce excess amounts thyroid hormone
goiter
exophthalmos

A

graves disease

68
Q

what is a bleb

A

out pocketing of cell membrane
1-3 are reversible
more than 3 are irreversable

69
Q

disruption of the cell membrane

1-2 reversible

A

myelin figures

70
Q

nucleus changes

A

irreverible may lead to cell death
karyolysis
pkynosis
karyorrhexis

71
Q

dissolution of the nucleus with in cytoplasm

A

karyolysis

72
Q

condensation of the nucleus shrink

A

pkynosis

73
Q

fragmentation f the nucleus

A

karyorrhexis

74
Q

death of cells or tissues through injury or disease

esp locallized areas

A

necrosis

75
Q

types of necrosis

A 
coagulative
liquefactive
casseous
fat
fibrinoid
gangrene
zenkers
gummatous
76
Q

implies preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cells for a span of at least some days- allowing body to attempt to heal-fibrosis replaces dead tissue

A

coagulated necrosis

77
Q

preservation of size shape and strength for several days

A

coagulated necrosis

78
Q

what characterizes coagulated necrosis

A

denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
breakdown of cell oragnelles
cell swelling

79
Q

an example of coagulated necrosis

A

myocardial infarction

80
Q

death of an area if tissue caused by ischema

A

infarction

caused by coagulated necrosis

81
Q

what is white infarct

A

tissue with single blood supply

heart

82
Q

what is red infarct

A

tissues with two or more blood supplies
liver
lungs

83
Q

complete digestion of dead cells resulting in transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass

A

liquefactive necrosis

84
Q

melting of tissue

A

liquefactive necrosis

85
Q

an example of liquefactive tissue

A

stroke
brain infarct
formation of a cavity

86
Q

cheese curd like necrosis

A

casseous necrosis

87
Q

what is the apperance of casseous necrosis

A

amorphous granular debris enclosed in inflammatory border

88
Q

granulomatous reaction

A

inflammatory border around casseous necrossis areas

89
Q

two types of casseous necrosis

A

leprosy

TB in the lungs

90
Q

chronic bacterial infection causing nerve damage

A

leprosy

91
Q

general gariesis of insane

A

gummatous necosis

92
Q

syphilis is what type of necrosis

A

gummatous

93
Q

aka for syphilis

A

lues

94
Q

what syphilis is the most dangerious

A

tertiary

95
Q

where does neurosyphilis occur?

A

brain and posterior column

96
Q

what is zenker’s necrosis

A

severe waxy or glassy necrosis of skeletal muscles in acute infectious disease such as
typhoid
cholera

97
Q

aka for fat necorsis

A

steatonecrosis

98
Q

what is fat necrosis

A

necrosis of adipose tissue

formation of calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and FA

99
Q

an example of steatonecrosis

A

pancreatonecrosis- gall bladder stones obstruct bile duct and bile juices back up causing necrosis of the pancreas and death

100
Q

occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial or smooth muscle cells are injured or dying

A

fibroid necrosis

common in immunopathologies

101
Q

example of fibrotic necrosis

A

rheumatic myocarditis

102
Q

what is gangrene

A

serious condition that occurs when large mass of body tissue dies

103
Q

what occurs in dry gangrene

A

tissue is black

coagulation is sustained obliteration of small vessels

104
Q

what causes dry gangrene

A

ischemia
atherosclerosis
diabetes mellitus

105
Q

dry gangrene can be seen in

A 
systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
diabetes mellitus (diabetic microaniopathy)
buergers disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)
106
Q

what is wet gangerens

A

enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce liquefaction

107
Q

an example of wet gangrene

A

bed sores

blockage of blood flow usually venous

108
Q

bacteria usually associated with wet gangrene

A

anaerobic: closteridium perfringes and bascilius fusiform

polyarteritis medosa-> systemic vascularitis

109
Q

what is gas gangrene

A

bacterial infection that off gasses
war disease
anaerobic strep
clostridium

110
Q

greek “falling off” or programmed cells death

A

apoptosis

111
Q

nodes seen in intermuscular connective tissue surrounding inflammatory cells

A

aschoff’s nodes

112
Q

process of apoptosis

A

tightly regulated program which in cells destined to die enzymes degrade cells own nuclear DNA, nucleus and cytoplasmic protiens

113
Q

normal cell death

A

embryogenesis
menstruation (hormone dependant)
induced by cytotoxic T cells to combat virus infected or cancerous cells

114
Q

exogenous pigments

A

carbon is the most common

tattoo

115
Q

what is anthracosis

A

deposit and accumulation of carbon in tissue of the lungs

116
Q

coal worker pneumoconiosis

A

lung disease
lung tissue modified because inhale particles
replace embedded tissue with cartilage or connective tissue

117
Q

endogenous pigments

A 
lipofuscin
melanin
homogentisic acid
hemosiderin
copper 
calcification
118
Q

aka lipofuscin

A

lipochrome
wear and tear pigment
brown atrophy

119
Q

represents complexes of protein and lipid derived from free radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes

A

lipofuscin

120
Q

common in elderly

sign of aging

A

lipofuscin

121
Q

common things affected by lipofuscin

A

liver

heart muscle

122
Q 
black
normal component of skin
prod by melanocytes
protects from UV radiation
skin coloration is dep on the region where individual lives due to the amount of sun light recieved
A

melanin

123
Q

black
abnormal pigment
onchronosis
alkatonuria

A

homogentisic acid

124
Q

accumulates in tissues where there is local or systemic excess of Fe and represents large aggregates of ferritin micelles

A

hemosiderin

125
Q

where is hemosiderin usually seen

A

spleen
liver
lymph nodes

126
Q

systemic overload of Fe

A

hemosiderosis

127
Q

bantu siderosis

A

hemochromatosis

excess accumulation of Fe

128
Q

primary hemochromatosis is

A

genetic
predelect in males 7:1
increased Fe absorption in GI
accumulation Fe in liver= cancer

129
Q

secondary hemochromatosis is

A

aquired
aka transfusion rection
seen in malaria, hemolytic anemia, ingestion of alcohol kept in iron barrels

130
Q

hemochromatosis affects

A 
liver (cancer in 20x)
hepatomegally and liver scirrosis
liver fibrosis
pancreas-> lead to diabetes
cardiomyopathies
skin hyperpigmentation
131
Q

wilsons disease aka

A

hepatolenticular degeneration

rare in males

132
Q

normal path copper travles

A

blood->bind to globulin -> becomes ceruloplasmin ->travels to liver-> split and removed via bile

133
Q

what happens in wilsons disease

A

cerulopasmin not made and copper is not released from liver

134
Q

what effects does wilson disease have

A

liver cirrhosis b/c accumulation of copper
copper ring in eyes “kayser-fleischer ring”
damage midbrain ganglia=motor dysfunction

135
Q

how do you treat wilsons disease

A

D-penicillamine
removes copper from circulation
very dangerous inhib cell replication

Path I (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions